Lecture #9: Reproduction

Question 1

Ovulation

Answer 1

release of egg into fallopian tube

Question 2

Fertalization

Answer 2

egg meeting/uniting with sperm

Question 3

Zygote

Answer 3

Fertilized egg cell
- keeps dividing
- forms block/ball of cells called blastosite (~ 4-5 days to attach to uteren wall)

Question 4

Endometrium

Answer 4

Lining of uterus

Question 5

Implantation

Answer 5

Egg binds to uterine wall
- embryo releases human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
- “LH like” (similar chemical comp as LH)
- Corpus luteum is maintained
- Endrometrial lining continues to thicken
- Estrogen increases, progesterone increases
- FSH decreases, LH decreases (stays inhibited)

Question 6

Uterus

Answer 6

womb

Question 7

Follice

Answer 7

egg sheath
- turns into corpus ludium after release of egg
- cormpus ludium = yellowish body

Question 8

What do estrogen and progesterone do?

Answer 8

high at 12-14 days
- prepare the endometrial lining for pregnancy
- thicker
- blood rich

Question 9

No implantation

Answer 9

• Corpus luteum degenerates
• estrogen decreases, progesterone decreases
• endometrial lining is not maintained (menstration)
• FSH and LH are no longer inhibited (FSH increases, LH increases)
• Increases to start a new cycle

Question 10

What is the level of hormones during pre-ovulatory (follicular) phase?

Answer 10

• LH is low, FSH is low, Estrogen peaks at day 12

Question 11

What is the level of hormones during post-ovulatory (luteol) phase?

Answer 11

If implantation occurs:
- Estrogen continues to peak
- progesterone increases
- FSH and LH decreases
If there’s no implantation:
- Estrogen and progesterone peaks then decreases
- FSH and LH decreases then goes back to normal levels

Question 12

What is the positive feedback loop with the levels of hormones?

Answer 12

Hypothalamous (releases GnRIT: Gonadotropin releasing hormone) –> Anterior pituitary (releases FSH (Follicle simulating hormone), and LH (luteinizing hormone) –> Ovary (Follice) –> estrogen + progesterone (corpus luteum)

Question 13

Sources of estrogen

Answer 13

Pre-ovulatory –> Follice in ovary
Post-ovulatory (and 1st trimester) –> Corpus luteum
Later in pregnancy –> placenta

Question 14

Which hormone inhibits LH?

Answer 14

Progesterone + estrogen (Sometimes)

Question 15

Which hormone is most responsible for release of the egg?

Answer 15

LH

Question 16

What is the remnant of the follice called after ovulation?

Answer 16

Corpus Luteum

Question 17

Gondotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) has target in the…

Answer 17

anterior pituitary

Question 18

Which hormone peaks during the post-ovulatory period?

Answer 18

progesterone

Question 19

What two hormones are necessary for enriching the endometrial lining with blood-rich tissue?

Answer 19

Estrogen + progesterone working together

Question 20

Gestation

Answer 20

Gestation = pregnancy
- placenta fully develops after 1 month

Question 21

Organogenesis

Answer 21

formation of organs
- starts in 1st trimester
8 months - respiatory system matures

Question 22

Surge in oxytocin during childbirth

Answer 22

induce letdown of milk (nursing)
- prolactin = induces milk production

Question 23

Benefits of nursing

Answer 23

• antibodies can pass through milk (NOT memory cells)
• bonding
• micronutrients
• rapid loss of pregnancy weight
• natural birth control

Question 24

Male reproductive system

Answer 24

FSH - necessary to produce sperm (sperm formation)
LH - necessary to produce testoscerone (testocerone production)
- sperm - form in seminiferous tubules in testis
- sperm collects in epididymis
Travel in vas deferneus and through urether

Question 25

What is the composition of semen?

Answer 25

5% sperm
95% accessory fluids

Question 26

3 main sources of sperm?

Answer 26

1. seminal vesticles
2. prostate gland
3. bulbourethral gland
   
   • they all provide energy (home alkaline substances)

Question 27

Accesorry fluids of the semen______ pH

Answer 27

increase