Lecture #16: Cell Biology

Question 1

Cell theory (1830s)

Answer 1

1. All living things are made up of cells and products of cells
2. Cells come from pre-existing cells
3. Smallest organisms are one cell
   Today:
4. There was one origin of cells

Question 2

Found in all cells

Answer 2

• DNA/RNA
• Phospholipid cell membrane
• Ribosome
• ATP - energy source

Question 3

Ribosomes

Answer 3

Protein synthesis occurs here
- more ribosomes around chromosomes in bacteria cells (nucleoid region)

Question 4

Genetic variation

Answer 4

Mutation + genetic recombination

Question 5

Genetic recombination of bacteria

Answer 5

1. Conjugation
2. Transduction
3. Transformation

Question 6

Conjugation

Answer 6

Transfer of plasmid/DNA from one bacteria to another

Question 7

Transduction

Answer 7

Bacteria picks up DNA from virus

Question 8

Transformation

Answer 8

Pick up free DNA from dead bacteria

Question 9

Eukaryotes

Answer 9

“True” nucleus

Question 10

Cytoplasm

Answer 10

Cytosol (background material) + organelles + cytoskeleton

Question 11

Elements of cytoskeleton

Answer 11

Microtubules (largest), intermediate fibers (middle), microfilaments (smallest of 3)

Question 12

Microtubules

Answer 12

Assembled and disassembled readily
- used to move cilia + flagelle

Question 13

Intermediate fibers

Answer 13

NOT assembled/disassembled readily
- holds organelle in place

Question 14

Microfilaments

Answer 14

Actin + myosin
- assembled + disassembled readily

Question 15

Binary fission

Answer 15

Process for bacteria to reproduce
- no increase in genetic recombination

Question 16

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 16

• Sheets of membrane
  Sites of synthesis
  1. Smooth ER
  2. Rough ER - has ribosomes in ER for protein synthesis

Question 17

Golgi complex/apparatus

Answer 17

• stacks of folded membrane
• received material, recombine, repackage, and ship out
  Cis = top (where material enters)
  Trans = bottom (where material leaves)
  Transport vessicle = enters and leaves golgi complex

Question 18

Make

Answer 18

Lysosome - membrane bound
- degrade worn out cell components
Secretory vesicle - travel to cell membrane and dump cell contents outside

Question 19

Mutation

Answer 19

Occurs when there is a random change in DNA

Question 20

Mitochondria

Answer 20

Oxidize glucose (other fuel) to produce ATP
- 2 membranes (inner membrane like bacteria, outer membrane like plasma cell membrane
- has its own DNA (like bacteria)
~ 37 genes
Divide to form new mitochondria

Question 21

Chloroplasts

Answer 21

Combine H20 + C02 to form carbohydrates
- 2 membranes (inner-like bacteria)
- has DNA (bacteria-like)
- Divides to form new chloroplasts