Lecture #14: Mitosis and the cell cyle

Question 1

Development (zygote to adult)

Answer 1

Zygote -> Blastula -> gastrula -> neural tube -> Juvenille -> Adult -> testis -> sperm OR ovary -> egg
- Zygote = diploid (2n)
- sperm/egg = haploid (1n) (meiosis)

Question 2

Mitosis

Answer 2

• starts with 1 2n cell (diploid)
• 1 replication of genes
• 1 division
• end with 2 2n cells
• genetically identical to each other and the parent cell
• occurs in body (somatic) cells
• produces somaic cells for genetic repair

Question 3

Meiosis

Answer 3

starts with 1 2n cell (diploid)
1 replication of genes
2 divisions
Ends with 4 1N cells
Every cell is genetically unique
Occurs in testis and ovaries
Produces gametes (sex cells (eggs + sperm))

Question 4

Cell cycle (mitosis)

Answer 4

Protophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis, G1, p53 checkpoint, s (synthesis), G2
- G0 occurs after G1 in some circumstances

Question 5

P53 checkpoint

Answer 5

• checks for DNA damage
• repairing DNA
• leads to cell destruction (apatosis)

Question 6

G0

Answer 6

normal cell that stopped dividing
- occurs after G1

Question 7

Homologus pair of chromosomes

Answer 7

same types of genes, not exact form of gene

Question 8

Centromere

Answer 8

contains kinectechore

Question 9

Telomeres

Answer 9

at the ends of centromeres

Question 10

Sister chromatids

Answer 10

• should be genetically identical
• same gene, same form of gene
  
  • occurs after synthesis

Question 11

Protophase

Answer 11

Chromosomes become visible (condense)
- able to move around more efficiently

Question 12

Prometaphase

Answer 12

• divide and begin to move to opposite poles
• nuclear envelope disintegrates

Question 13

Anaphase

Answer 13

Chromatids seperate; chromosomes move to opposite poles

Question 14

Telophase

Answer 14

Chromosomes decondense (becomes invisible)
- nuclear envelopes reforms
- chromosomes at opposite poles
- two (almost) seperate cells

Question 15

Interphase

Answer 15

Can’t see/barely see chromosomes
- includes G1, p53 checkpoint, G2, and G0

Question 16

Spindle

Answer 16

generated from centromeres, consisiting of microtubules used to seperate chromosomes

Question 17

Spindle poles

Answer 17

opposite ends of the cell, spindle spans entire cells

Question 18

Why do cells stop dividing?

Answer 18

Lack of:
- chemical signal
- space
- nutrients
Programmed cell death (apotosis)
- infected cell
- cell is no longer needed for development
- damaged cell (ex: p53)
Telomeres become too short

Question 19

Cancer

Answer 19

cell divison out of control

Question 20

Metastasis

Answer 20

spread to 2+ site

Question 21

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 21

Mutate to oncogenes (cancer-causing form of gene), (control cell divison)

Question 22

Pro

Answer 22

forward, in front

Question 23

meta

Answer 23

adjacent, beyond

Question 24

ana

Answer 24

toward, against, again, back

Question 25

Telo

Answer 25

end, final

Question 26

cyto

Answer 26

cell

Question 27

kinesis

Answer 27

move

Question 28

cytokinesis

Answer 28

divison of cell contents

Question 29

G1, S, and G2 are part of

Answer 29

Interphase

Question 30

p53 is a protein important during checkpoint…

Answer 30

G1

Question 31

The kinetochore is found on the

Answer 31

centromere

Question 32

The nuclear envelope disappears during

Answer 32

prometaphase