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Second Year - Biomedical Sciences BS22001 > Lecture 9 - Muscles As Levers > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Muscles As Levers Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of a rigid skeleton necessary for locomotion

A

Connective tissue, tendons, ligaments and the contractile and series-elastic components of muscle

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2
Q

What does connective tissue divide within a muscle

A

Muscle fibres

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3
Q

What s connective tissue extended beyond the muscle known as

A

A tendon

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4
Q

What is tension in a muscle generated in

A

The sarcomere

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5
Q

How is tension in a sarcomere transmitted to the bone

A

Through the tendon

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6
Q

What type of elasticity does connective tissue have

A

Passive

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7
Q

What is the series-elastic component composed of

A

Extracellular titin, connective tissue and tendons

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8
Q

What is the series-elastic component

A

The build up of tension within the sarcomeres being passed onto the tendon and allowing movement of the bone

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9
Q

What is the area in which the muscle attaches to the stationary part of the skeleton

A

Origin

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10
Q

What is the area in which the muscle attaches to the active part of the skeleton

A

The insertion

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11
Q

When a muscle contracts what does it affect in a joint

A

Its structure

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12
Q

What is a single twitch composed of

A

A lag phase, tension phase and a relaxation phase

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13
Q

Once an action potential has been fired what must happen to the membrane before another can be fired

A

It must return to rest membrane potential

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14
Q

What must happen for a muscle to shorten during contractions

A

The tension developed in the muscle must exceed the forces that oppose movement of the bone to which the muscle’s insertion is attached

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15
Q

What are the two types of muscle contraction

A

Isotonic and isometric

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16
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

The muscle tension remains constant as the muscle length changes

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17
Q

Uses of isotonic contractions

A

Body movement and lifting objects

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18
Q

What type of muscle contraction moves the tongue

A

Isotonic

19
Q

What is prevented during isometric contractions

A

Shortening of the muscle

20
Q

What are the two types of isotonic muscle contraction

A

Concentric and eccentric

21
Q

What is a concentric muscle contraction

A

When the muscle shortens under a load

22
Q

What is an eccentric muscle contraction

A

When a muscle lengthens under a load

23
Q

What is happening to the muscle fibre in eccentric contractions

A

It is resisting the stretch

24
Q

Synovial joint labelled

A 
Bony articular surface
Hyaline cartilage
Ligaments
Synovial membrane 
Capsule
Joint cavity
25
Q

What is the function of the synovial membrane

A

It lubricates the joint and provides nourishment for the cartilage

26
Q

What is the function of the capsule

A

It holds the joint together

27
Q

What does the synovial membrane do

A

It produces the synovial fluid

28
Q

What does the articular cartilage do

A

It protects the bone and cushions any impact

29
Q

Where are intrinsic ligaments

A

Within the capsule

30
Q

Where are extrinsic ligaments

A

Out with the capsule

31
Q

What is the function of the ligaments

A

To hold the bones together and prevent unwanted movement

32
Q

What is a lever

A

A rigid structure capable of moving around a pivot point known as a fulcrum

33
Q

In the body what functions as levers, fulcrum and providing force

A

Bones are levers, the joints are the fulcrum and the muscles provide the force

34
Q

Levers that use a small amount of force to move a large mass have

A

Mechanical advantage

35
Q

What are the four parts to a simple lever

A

A lever arm, pivot, effort and load

36
Q

How are levers classified

A

In the way in which the joint or muscles are attached to the bone and how they are arranged around the pivot

37
Q

Class one levers

A

The pivot lies between the effort and the load

38
Q

What classes of levers have mechanical advantage

A

Class one and two

39
Q

Class two levers

A

The load is between the pivot and the effort

40
Q

Class three levers

A

The load is further away from the pivot than the effort

41
Q

What do class three levers provide

A

Larger and greater speed of movement

42
Q

What can lever systems provide

A

Either strength or speed but not both

43
Q

What is the pivot arm

A

The distance from the fulcrum to the upwards force

44
Q

What is the load arm

A

The distance from the fulcrum to the load

Second Year - Biomedical Sciences BS22001 (28 decks)

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