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Second Year - Biomedical Sciences BS22001 > Lecture 8 - Introuction To The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Introuction To The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Main function of the autonomic nervous system

A

To carry output from the CNS to the whole body, except skeletal muscle

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3
Q

What does the ANS regulate

A

Visceral functions that are largely involuntary, exocrine and certain endocrine functions, the heartbeat and aspects of metabolism

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4
Q

Divisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

What does the parasympathetic division coordinate

A

The body’s basic homeostatic functions

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6
Q

What does the sympathetic division coordinate

A

The body’s response to stress and is associated with flight, fright and fight reactions

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7
Q

Travel path of an efferent signal

A

Travels from the CNS, along preganglionic neurones, to the synapse of the neurone causing neurotransmitter to be released. This is taken up by the associated cell body of the post ganglionic neurone. It travels down the post ganglionic neurone to the effector cell.
CNS -> synapse -> neurotransmitter released -> taken up by Post ganglionic neurone -> travels to effector cell.

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8
Q

What is the autonomic ganglion

A

Where the end of the neurone from the CNS and the start of the neurone of the ANS meet

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9
Q

Examples of effector cells

A

Cardiac cell, smooth muscle cell, secretory cell

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10
Q

Functions of the sympathetic system

A

Constricts many blood vessels but dilates those of skeletal muscles, erects hair, stimulates sweat glands, dilates pupils, dilates bronchi, decreases mucus production, increases heart rate + contractility, slows gut motility, stops secretions of the gut, shut sphincter, stimulates the liver to export fatty acid + glucose, increases renin secretion and causes adrenaline to be released

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11
Q

How does the sympathetic system dilate the bronchi

A

Through the release of adrenaline

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12
Q

A decrease in mucus production causes

A

A decrease in airway resistance

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13
Q

Functions of the parasympathetic system

A

Constricts pupils, stimulates tears, stimulates salivation, constricts bronchi, stimulates mucus secretion, decreases the heart rate, constricts the gall bladder, stimulates pancreatic secretion, increases gut motility + secretions, relaxes sphincters and contracts the bladder

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14
Q

What does an increase in mucus production cause

A

An increase in airway resistance

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15
Q

What is the transmitter in the pre ganglionic neurones of the ANS

A

Acetylcholine

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16
Q

Transmitter in the post ganglionic neurone for the sympathetic system

A

Noradrenaline

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17
Q

What type of transmitter is noradrenaline

A

Adrenergic

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18
Q

Transmitter in the post ganglionic neurone for the parasympathetic system

A

Acetylcholine

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19
Q

What type of transmitter is acetylcholine

A

Cholinergic

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20
Q

What does the uptake of a precursor in the synapse cause

A

The synthesis of a transmitter

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21
Q

Where is the transmitter stored

A

Within vesicles

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22
Q

An AP causes what effect on the synapse

A

It causes the synapse to depolarise

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23
Q

Depolarisation of the synapse causes

A

Ca2+ voltage-gated channels to open so there is an influx of Ca2+

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24
Q

What does an influx of Ca2+ into the synapse cause

A

For the transmitter to be released

25
Q

What is the release of neurotransmitter known as

A

Exocytosis

26
Q

What does the release of transmitter cause

A

The activation of the receptors on the post synaptic membrane

27
Q

Once the receptors on the post synaptic membrane are activated what happens

A

The neurotransmitter is degraded by enzymes or reabsorbed by the synapse

28
Q

What channels does the release of ACh from the preganglionic neurone open

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

29
Q

What type of receptors are ligand-gated ion channels

A

Nicotinic ACh receptors

30
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found

A

Post ganglionic neurone

31
Q

What does noradrenaline activate

A

G-protien-coupled adrenoceptors

32
Q

Where does noradrenaline act upon

A

The target cell

33
Q

What does ACh in the post ganglionic neurone activate

A

G-protein-coupled muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

34
Q

In cholinergic transmission, what is taken up by the transporter

A

Choline

35
Q

What does the uptake of choline cause

A

The synthesis of ACh

36
Q

Through what mechanism is ACh synthesised from choline

A

Choline acetyltransferase (CAT)

37
Q

What degrades ACh

A

Acetylcholinesterase

38
Q

ACh causes the activation of what subtypes of ACh muscarinic receptors

A

M1, M2 and M3

39
Q

In noradrenic transmission what causes the synthesis of noradrenaline

A

L-tyrosine

40
Q

What are the transporters known as that reabsorb noradrenaline

A

Uptake 1 (U1) and uptake (U2)

41
Q

What metabolises noradrenaline

A

Monoamine oxidase (MO) and catecholo-o-methlytransferase (COMT)

42
Q

Associated M1 g-protien

A

Gq

43
Q

What does the M1-Gq coupling cause

A

The stimulation of phospholipase C which causes an increase in acid secretion

44
Q

The associated M2 G-protien

A

Gi

45
Q

What does the M2-Gi coupling cause

A

Inhibition of adenyly cyclase which opens the K+ channels which causes a decreased heart rate

46
Q

The associated M3 G-protein

A

Gq

47
Q

What does the M3-Gq coupling cause

A

The stimulation of phospholipase C which causes an increase in the secretion of saliva and contraction of the bronchi

48
Q

What indirectly effect does M3 receptor activation have

A

The relaxation of vascular smooth muscle due to the release of nitric oxide from neighbouring cells

49
Q

The two main classes of adrenoceptors

A

Alpha-adrenoceptors and beta-adrenoceptors

50
Q

Isoforms of alpha-adrenoceptors

A

Alpha 1 and alpha 2

51
Q

Isoforms of beta-adrenoceptors

A

Beta 1 and beta 2

52
Q

Beta 1 associated G-protein

A

Gs

53
Q

What does the beta 1-Gs coupling cause

A

The stimulation of adenyly cyclase which causes an increase in the rate and force of the heart contractions

54
Q

Beta 2 associated G-protein

A

Gs

55
Q

What does the beta 2-Gs coupling cause

A

The stimulation of adenyly cyclase which causes relaxation of the bronchi and vascular smooth muscle

56
Q

Alpha 1 associated G-protein

A

Gq

57
Q

What does the alpha 1-Gq coupling cause

A

Stimulation of phospholipase C which causes the constriction of vascular smooth muscle

58
Q

Alpha 2 associated G-protein

A

Gi

59
Q

What does the alpha 2-Gi coupling cause

A

The inhibition of adenyly cyclase at pre-junctional terminals which inhibits the release of noradrenaline

Second Year - Biomedical Sciences BS22001 (28 decks)

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