Lecture 6 -The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What comprises the axial skeleton?
The skull, ribs and vertebrae
What is the appendicular skelton composed of
The girdles and bones of the limbs
What does compact bone form
The outer layer of all bones
What forms the inner layer of bone
Spongy or cancellous bone
What does spongy bone tissue lack
Osteons
What does spongy bone consist of
Trabeculae
What are trabeculae
Lamella that are arranged as rods and plates
What is found between the trabeculae
Red bone marrow
Tendons attach what to what
Muscle to bone
Why are tendons essential in the musculoskeletal system
They transfer force from the muscle to the bone which generates movement
What is a tendon composed of
Dense regular connective tissue with fibroblasts within the layers
How is the collagen arranged within a tendon
The bundles of collagen are parallel
What is the insertion of a tendon into a bone known as
The enthesis
Ligaments attach what to what
Bone to bone
What are ligaments composed of
Fibrous connective tissue
Are the bundles of collagen within a ligament parallel
Nope
What do ligaments form
Joints
What is the primary function of ligaments
To prevent movement that might damage a joint
What do ligaments provide in a joint
Stability
How can bone become fractured
Through the application of excessive force
Fracture repair system
Fracture -> haematoma ->cartilage -> callous -> bone remodelling
How can ligaments become damaged
They can be strained or torn
What is an abduction (valgus) injury of the knee
The anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament and the medial collateral ligaments are all torn
What are the different parts of a long bone
The proximal epiphysis, distal epiphysis and the diaphysis
What is a long bone composed of
Compact and cancellous bone
How is bone built up
By lots of concentric circles
What is within the concentric circles of bone
Lamellae
What are lacuna
Little spaces within bone
What is found within the lacunae
Osteocytes
What connects one lacuna to another
Canaliculi
Where are blood vessels found within bone
In the Haversian canal
Examples of a long bone
Humorous, phalanges and metacarpals
What are the functions of muscles
Movement of the skeleton and organs, posture and body support and heat production
What are the three muscle types
Smooth, skeletal and cardiac
What are the three classifications of muscle
Fusiforms, pennate and broad sheet muscles
Fusiforms
Have a tendon on each side with a belly of muscle in the middle
Example of a fusiform
Biceps brachi
Broad sheet muscles
Have a flat sheet of tendon running along the length of them with muscle fibres attached to one side
What is the flat sheet of tendon in broad sheet muscles known as
An aponeurosis
Example of a broad sheet muscle
External abdominal oblique
Three categories of pennate muscles
Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
Unipennate
A tendon with muscle fibres attached to only one side
Example of a unipennate muscle
Flexor halluces longus
Bipennate
A tendon running down the middle with muscle fibres coming off both sides
Example of a bipennate muscle
Rectus femoris
Multipennate
Have multiple tendons running through them with muscle fibres running diagonally
Example of multipennate muscle
Deltoid
What is the post powerful muscle category
Multipennate
Function of prime movers/agonists
Muscles which move a joint
Function of synergists
Assist the work of prime movers
Function of antagonists
Muscles which oppose the prime mover
Function of stabilisers/fixators
Contract to provide support, hold the joint in place and maintain posture
What are the ligaments of the knee
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL) and the lateral collateral ligamnet (LLC)
