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Second Year - Biomedical Sciences BS22001 > Lecture 6 -The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Lecture 6 -The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises the axial skeleton?

A

The skull, ribs and vertebrae

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2
Q

What is the appendicular skelton composed of

A

The girdles and bones of the limbs

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3
Q

What does compact bone form

A

The outer layer of all bones

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4
Q

What forms the inner layer of bone

A

Spongy or cancellous bone

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5
Q

What does spongy bone tissue lack

A

Osteons

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6
Q

What does spongy bone consist of

A

Trabeculae

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7
Q

What are trabeculae

A

Lamella that are arranged as rods and plates

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8
Q

What is found between the trabeculae

A

Red bone marrow

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9
Q

Tendons attach what to what

A

Muscle to bone

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10
Q

Why are tendons essential in the musculoskeletal system

A

They transfer force from the muscle to the bone which generates movement

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11
Q

What is a tendon composed of

A

Dense regular connective tissue with fibroblasts within the layers

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12
Q

How is the collagen arranged within a tendon

A

The bundles of collagen are parallel

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13
Q

What is the insertion of a tendon into a bone known as

A

The enthesis

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14
Q

Ligaments attach what to what

A

Bone to bone

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15
Q

What are ligaments composed of

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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16
Q

Are the bundles of collagen within a ligament parallel

A

Nope

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17
Q

What do ligaments form

A

Joints

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18
Q

What is the primary function of ligaments

A

To prevent movement that might damage a joint

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19
Q

What do ligaments provide in a joint

A

Stability

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20
Q

How can bone become fractured

A

Through the application of excessive force

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21
Q

Fracture repair system

A

Fracture -> haematoma ->cartilage -> callous -> bone remodelling

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22
Q

How can ligaments become damaged

A

They can be strained or torn

23
Q

What is an abduction (valgus) injury of the knee

A

The anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament and the medial collateral ligaments are all torn

24
Q

What are the different parts of a long bone

A

The proximal epiphysis, distal epiphysis and the diaphysis

25
Q

What is a long bone composed of

A

Compact and cancellous bone

26
Q

How is bone built up

A

By lots of concentric circles

27
Q

What is within the concentric circles of bone

A

Lamellae

28
Q

What are lacuna

A

Little spaces within bone

29
Q

What is found within the lacunae

A

Osteocytes

30
Q

What connects one lacuna to another

A

Canaliculi

31
Q

Where are blood vessels found within bone

A

In the Haversian canal

32
Q

Examples of a long bone

A

Humorous, phalanges and metacarpals

33
Q

What are the functions of muscles

A

Movement of the skeleton and organs, posture and body support and heat production

34
Q

What are the three muscle types

A

Smooth, skeletal and cardiac

35
Q

What are the three classifications of muscle

A

Fusiforms, pennate and broad sheet muscles

36
Q

Fusiforms

A

Have a tendon on each side with a belly of muscle in the middle

37
Q

Example of a fusiform

A

Biceps brachi

38
Q

Broad sheet muscles

A

Have a flat sheet of tendon running along the length of them with muscle fibres attached to one side

39
Q

What is the flat sheet of tendon in broad sheet muscles known as

A

An aponeurosis

40
Q

Example of a broad sheet muscle

A

External abdominal oblique

41
Q

Three categories of pennate muscles

A

Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

42
Q

Unipennate

A

A tendon with muscle fibres attached to only one side

43
Q

Example of a unipennate muscle

A

Flexor halluces longus

44
Q

Bipennate

A

A tendon running down the middle with muscle fibres coming off both sides

45
Q

Example of a bipennate muscle

A

Rectus femoris

46
Q

Multipennate

A

Have multiple tendons running through them with muscle fibres running diagonally

47
Q

Example of multipennate muscle

A

Deltoid

48
Q

What is the post powerful muscle category

A

Multipennate

49
Q

Function of prime movers/agonists

A

Muscles which move a joint

50
Q

Function of synergists

A

Assist the work of prime movers

51
Q

Function of antagonists

A

Muscles which oppose the prime mover

52
Q

Function of stabilisers/fixators

A

Contract to provide support, hold the joint in place and maintain posture

53
Q

What are the ligaments of the knee

A

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL) and the lateral collateral ligamnet (LLC)

Second Year - Biomedical Sciences BS22001 (28 decks)

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