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Second Year - Biomedical Sciences BS22001 > Lecture 17 - The Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - The Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What causes a valve to open

A

When the pressure behind it is greater than the pressure in front of it

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2
Q

What do the valves prevent

A

Backflow of blood

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3
Q

What are the 5 phases of the cardiac cycle

A

Phase one - passive filling
Phase two - atrial contraction
Phase three - isovolumetric ventricular contraction
Phase four - ejection
Phase five - isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

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4
Q

What are the heart sounds generated by

A

The closing of the valves

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5
Q

What is used to detect the heart sounds

A

A phonocardiogram

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6
Q

What does the first heart sound coincide with

A

The beginning of systole

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7
Q

What produces the first heart sound

A

Closure of the AV valve

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8
Q

What does the second heart sound coincide with

A

The onset of diastole

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9
Q

What is the second heart sound produced by

A

Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

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10
Q

Abnormal heart sounds in pathological conditions are known as

A

Murmurs

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11
Q

What happens to the pressure of the atria and ventricles during phase 1

A

The ventricular pressure falls below the atrial pressure

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12
Q

What happens when the ventricular pressure falls below the atrial pressure

A

The AV valves open

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13
Q

What happens during phase one

A

Blood which entered the atria during ventricular systole is released into the ventricles

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14
Q

When blood starts to move into the ventricles what happens to the pressure within the heart chambers

A

The atria and ventricular pressure fall rapidly

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15
Q

What % of the final filled volume do the ventricles contain at the end of phase one

A

80%

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16
Q

Are the aortic and pulmonary valves open or closed during phase one

A

Closed

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17
Q

Phase one is equivalent to what on the ECG

A

TP interval

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18
Q

During mid-diastole what blood is flowing into the atria

A

Blood from the venous system

19
Q

What occurs during phase two

A

The SA node produces an AP so the atrial muscle cells are stimulated to depolarise

20
Q

What is late diastole represented by on the ECG

A

The P wave

21
Q

What happens towards the end of the P wave

A

The atrial contract, increasing atrial pressure

22
Q

What happens when the atria contract

A

Most of the blood is propelled into the ventricle and ventricular pressure increases slightly

23
Q

Volume in each ventricle at the end of diastole is

A

Roughy 130ml for standing and 160ml for lying down

24
Q

Are the AV valves open or closed at the end of phase two

A

Open

25
Q

What marks the end of diastole

A

The beginning of ventricular contraction

26
Q

What happens to the AP after atrial contraction

A

It is conducted to the ventricular muscle

27
Q

What is formed on the ECG when ventricular muscle is stimulated

A

The QRS complex

28
Q

What happens to the ventricular pressure during phase 3

A

There is a rapid increase in ventricular pressure

29
Q

What does the rapid increase in ventricular pressure cause

A

The AV valves to snap shut

30
Q

Are the aortic and pulmonary valves open during phase 3

A

No

31
Q

Why is phase three known as the isovolumetric stage

A

As all the valves are shut so no blood can flow in or out of the ventricles

32
Q

When will the aortic valves open

A

Only when the pressure of the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the aorta

33
Q

What happens during phase four

A

The ventricular pressure exceeds the aortic pressure and the aortic and pulmonary valves open

34
Q

What is the diastolic pressure of the aorta

A

80mmHg

35
Q

What is the systolic pressure of the aorta

A

120mmHg

36
Q

What is the diastolic pressure of the pulmonary artery

A

8 mmHg

37
Q

What is the systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery

A

25 mmHg

38
Q

What is phase 5 represented by on the ECG

A

The T wave

39
Q

What does the T wave show

A

Ventricular repolarisation

40
Q

What occurs during phase 5

A

The end of ventricular systole. The ventricular muscle is starting to relax

41
Q

What occurs to ventricular pressure during phase 5

A

It starts to fall below atrial pressure

42
Q

What does the diacritic notch show

A

The ventricular pressure falling below atrial pressure

43
Q

What valves are shut during phase 5

A

AV, aortic and pulmonary valves

Second Year - Biomedical Sciences BS22001 (28 decks)

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