Lecture 26 - Anatomy Of The Respiratory System

Question 1

What nerves are involved in the peripheral chemoreceptor feedback

Answer 1

The hypoglossal, laryngeal and carotid sinus nerves

Question 2

What nerve controls breathing frequency and volume

Answer 2

The vagus nerve

Question 3

What nerve innervates the respiratory muscles

Answer 3

The intercostal nerve

Question 4

What nerve innervates the diaphragm

Answer 4

The phrenic nerve

Question 5

What motor neurones are active in the control of the muscle of respiration

Answer 5

The cranial motorneurones

Question 6

What are the cranial motorneurones important for

Answer 6

The opening/closing of the glottis and flaring the nostils

Question 7

What does the opening/closing of the glottis effect

Answer 7

The upper airway diameter

Question 8

Where is the central patter generator located

Answer 8

Within the pons and the medulla

Question 9

Where is the dorsal respiratory group located

Answer 9

Within the nucleus tractus solitaries

Question 10

What is the dorsal respiratory group

Answer 10

The primary afferent, centre of inspiration control, site of sensory information input, site of central chemoreceptor input and the location of some premotor neurones

Question 11

Where the the ventral medulla complex found

Answer 11

It spans three regions of the medulla

Question 12

What three regions of the medulla is the ventral respiratory group in

Answer 12

The rostral, intermediate and caudal

Question 13

What is contained within the distal region of the medulla

Answer 13

The nucleus retrofacials or the Botzinger complex

Question 14

The rostral region is the site of control of

Answer 14

Expiration

Question 15

What is within the intermediate region

Answer 15

The pre-Botzinger complex and the nucleus ambiguus

Question 16

The intermediate region is involved in control of

Answer 16

Inspiration

Question 17

What is the pre-Botzinger thought to be the site for

Answer 17

Generating fundamental respiratory rhythm

Question 18

What is within the caudal region

Answer 18

The nucleus retroambigualis

Question 19

The caudal region is involved int he control of

Answer 19

Expiration

Question 20

What was the historical experimental approach to measureing respiratory movements

Answer 20

To section the brain stem at different points and record the effects of the vagus nerve being intact or cut

Question 21

What are the different sections involved in the experiment to measure respiratory movements

Answer 21

Above the pons
The superior pons
All of the pons
All of the pons and the medulla

Question 22

What did the experiment show

Answer 22

That there was a hierarchy of neural inputs that control breathing volume, neural feedback loops control frequency + rhythm + depth of breathing and feedback interaction between several nerves contributes to the generation of a respiratory rhythm

Question 23

What occurs if the brain stem is sectioned with the vagus nerve intact

Answer 23

There is an increase in breathing depth and frequency

Question 24

What occurs if the sectioning of the brain stem continues

Answer 24

A disruption in the rhythm until breathing stops

Question 25

What occurs when the vagus nerve is cut

Answer 25

It produces varied effects on the hierarchy of breathing patterns

Question 26

What can explain the varied effects of cutting the vagus nerve

Answer 26

That there has to be input for other neural networks