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Neuroscience > Lecture 9: Gait > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Gait Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 phases in gait

A

Stance Phase (foot
on floor)

Swing Phase (foot
in air)

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2
Q

what are the 5 parts of the stance phase

A
  • Initial contact (heel strike)
  • Load response (foot flat)
  • Midstance (single-leg stance)
  • Terminal Stance (heel off)
  • Pre-swing (toe-off)
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3
Q

what are the 3 parts of the swing phase

A
  • Initial swing (acceleration)
  • Mid-swing
  • Terminal swing
    (deceleration)
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4
Q

what are the 3 Important Power Events during Walking

A
  1. Hip extension power during initial contact
  2. Ankle plantar flexion power from terminal stance to pre-swing
  3. Hip flexor power at end of pre-swing
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5
Q

what are the 2 gait parameters

A

spatial parameters (how we move)

temporal parameters (time)

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6
Q

what are Central Pattern Generators

A

spinal cord and brainstem circuits responsible for programmed, rhythmic movements

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7
Q

Circuits for chewing, swallowing, and breathing are located where

A

in the brainstem

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8
Q

Circuits for locomotion
are located where

A

in the spinal cord

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9
Q

CPGs can be what 3 things

A
  1. Spontaneously active and rhythmic (respiration)
  2. Triggered by a specific sensory stimulus (swallowing)
  3. Voluntary and triggered by higher motor centres (locomotion)
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10
Q

is locomotion just reflexes

A

no its more.

The timing of the different muscle contractions is complex and fast

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11
Q

what did we learn from animal locomotion studies

A

Each limb has its own CPG

At specific times, signals are sent to LMNs for flexor muscles and at other times, signals are sent to LMNs for extensor muscles

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12
Q

what happens with CPGS in the absence of defending control and sensory input

A

CPGs can produce rhythmic but slightly clumsy movements

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13
Q

what are the 2 Mechanisms of Rhythm Generation

A

pacemaker networks

Reciprocal Inhibition

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14
Q

what are Pacemaker Networks

A

A neuron acts as an oscillator that drives other neurons into a rhythmic pattern

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15
Q

what is Reciprocal Inhibition

A

2 neurons reciprocally inhibit each other

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16
Q

what 3 things do we know about CPGs in humans

A

Newborns demonstrate stepping despite not having mature descending tracts

Rhythmic involuntary movements observed in people with SCI

Epidural spinal cord stimulation can induce stepping movements in people with SCI

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17
Q

where do we think Locomotion CPGs are likely located

A

the lower thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

18
Q

do humans or animals rely more on supraspinal influences than other animals

A

humans

19
Q

What is are the 5 role/function of supraspinal input?

A

Activates spinal CPGs

Controls intensity of CPGs

Maintains equilibrium during locomotion

Adapts limb movements to external conditions

Coordinates locomotion with other motor behaviours

20
Q

where is the Control region for locomotion is located

A

the reticular formation in the caudal pons and medulla –the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR)

21
Q

↑ intensity of mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) stimulation results in what

A

increased gate speed

22
Q

MLR important for which 3 things

A

gait initiation, modulation, and termination

23
Q

what are the 3 important Supraspinal Inputs

A

Sensory and motor cortices ( complex tasks need more activation)

cerebellum (timing and posture)

basal ganglia (initiating and stopping movement)

24
Q

what is the role of interneurons in CPGs during the stance phase

A
  • CPG interneuron1 activates extension LMNs
  • Collaterals to
    interneuron 2 inhibit CPG interneuron 3 (flexor LMNs)
25
Q

do CPGs adapt

A

yes to the task and environment

26
Q

how can CPGs be modulated by sensory feedback

A

Sensory feedback is critical to modifying CPGs

walking in sand cans we need to change the way we walk

27
Q

what are the 4 steps to how CPGs work

A

Supraspinal influences activate and modulate CPGs

Oscillators (pacemakers) synchronize interneuron networks responsible for stance or swing

LMNs innervate muscles responsible for locomotion

Sensory feedback modulates CPGs

28
Q

is there a connection between cognitive impairment and gait speed

A

a reduction in gate speed happens about 10 years before cognitive ability declines

29
Q

how is grey matter connected with gait speed

A

lower volume of gray matter in brain = slower gait speed and smaller gait length

30
Q

what are Dual Task Paradigms

A

the concurrent performance of two tasks that can be performed independently, measured separately, and have distinct goals

Poor dual task performance is associated with dementia and
falls

31
Q

what are the 5 gait deviations with age

A

Shortened step length

Decreased step width

Decreased velocity

Increased variability (each steps look different)

Increased stance and double support time

32
Q

what are the 4 Gait Deviations in strokes

A

Knee hyperextension in stance phase

Poor heel strike

Ataxic gait (wide base of support, unsteady)

Hemiparetic gait (slow, wide base of support, hip circumduction)

33
Q

what do we see in gait with people with parkensons

A

freezing gait (very small, shuffling steps)

34
Q

what is the key priority for stroke survivors

A

walking

35
Q

what is the Key physical impairment in stroke

A

muscle weakness/paresis

36
Q

what is walking asymmetry after stroke

A
  • Spatial and temporal asymmetries
  • Decreased cadence
  • Shorter stance time and longer swing time of more affected limb
  • Shorter step length of less affected limb
37
Q

what is Body weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) post stroke

A

very small increases walking velocity and endurance

No improvements among those not walking independently at the start of treatment

  • Does not increase the chance of walking independently
38
Q

Which of the following responses is true regarding Central Pattern Generators?

Signals are sent to flexors to initiate the stance phase

Signals are sent to the extensors to initiate the swing phase

Signals are sent to flexors to initiate swing phase

A

Signals are sent to flexors to initiate swing phase

39
Q

How many Central Pattern Generators would a dog have?

A

4

40
Q

Which of the following activities would be considered a cognitive-motor dual task activity?

Walking while holding a cup of water

Tapping your foot while drawing a star

Sitting still while counting backwards

Putting on a sock while naming all of the pieces of clothing you might find in a closet

A

Putting on a sock while naming all of the pieces of clothing you might find in a closet

41
Q

Why do humans rely more on supraspinal inputs for locomotion than other animals?

A

We have higher postural control demands than animals

Neuroscience (20 decks)

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