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Neuroscience > Lecture 17: Association Cortex and Cognition > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Association Cortex and Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the unimodal association cortex

A

2nd level of processing, but still of just 1 sense

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2
Q

what is Heteromodal association cortex.

A

These areas put together information provided by various unimodal association areas to accomplish more complex functions

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3
Q

do unimodal or heteromodal association cortices take up more of the brain

A

heteromodal association cortices take up most of the cerebral surface of the brain

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4
Q

what are the three kinds of cognition

A

Attending to complex stimuli (Parietal cortex)

Identifying these stimuli (Temporal Cortex)

(Responding) Planning appropriate responses (Frontal Lobes)

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5
Q

what does damage to the right side of the parietal lobe cause

A

left sided neglect

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6
Q

what does damage to the left side of the parietal lobe cause

A

apraxia

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7
Q

what does damage to the right side of the temporal lobe cause

A

visual agnosia

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8
Q

what does damage to the left side of the temporal lobe cause

A

aphasia

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9
Q

each Each cortical region (6 cellular layers) of the heteromodal association cortices have 4 distinct connections:

A
  1. Primary source of inputs and outputs
  2. Vertical and horizontal axis connections
  3. Radial alignment
  4. Inter-neurons connect functionally similar cell groups
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10
Q

what are the 3 Primary source of inputs to the heteromodal association cortices

A

thalamus

other cortical areas

brainstem modulatory systems

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11
Q

does the thalamus only receive information from the extremities?

A

no, it also receives info from the cortex (the head)

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12
Q

which 2 nuclei in the thalamus receive information from the cortex

A

Medio-dorsal thalamus

Pulvinar Nuclei

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13
Q

what is the input and output of the Medio-dorsal thalamus

A

input: cortex

output: Parietal association cortex

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14
Q

what is the input and output of the Pulvinar Nuclei

A

input: cortex

output: frontal association cortex

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15
Q

what are the other cortical areas that provide input to the heteromodal association cortices

A

Main source of input to association cortices:

Ipsilateral connections

Inter-hemisheric connections

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16
Q

what is the main source of input to association cortices

A

Other cortical areas (cortico-cortical connections)

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17
Q

what are Ipsilateral connections

A

From primary and secondary sensory and motor cortices on same side of the brain. (left parietal communicating with right parietal)

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18
Q

what are Inter-hemisheric connections

A

From corresponding and non-corresponding regions of cortex on the other side of the brain (via corpus callosum and anterior commissure)

(right parietal communicating with left temporal)

19
Q

what are the 3 Brainstem modulatory centres

A

turn overall activity up or down.

upper brainstem

upper brain stem +reticular formation

basal forebrain

20
Q

what are Vertical and horizontal axis connections

A

cells that do similar things are grouped together in the 6 levels

21
Q

Where do association cortices get the majority of their input?
a) Axons from the periphery
b) The frontal lobe
c) Other parts of the brain

A

Other parts of the brain

22
Q

what is the content of consciousness

A

Memory, emotion and drives, language, executive function

23
Q

what is the Level of Consciousness

A

The three A’s

1.Alertness
2.Attention
3.Awareness

24
Q

what are the Four key brain areas that sustain the level of consciousness
*consciousness system network)

A
  1. Upper brainstem
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Basal forebrain
25
Q

what is the diencephalon

A

thalamus together with hypothalamus

26
Q

to have alterness, what needs to be functioning

A
  • Consciousness system network
  • Cortex
27
Q

to have attention, what needs to be functioning

A
  • Consciousness system network
  • Cortex
    + fronto-parietal association cortex
28
Q

to have awareness, what needs to be functioning

A

Ability to combine various higher-order forms of information from disparate regions into a unified and efficient summary of mental activity - which can be remembered at a later time.

29
Q

what are the 4 Brain centres involved in alertness

A

Brainstem
* Diencephalon
* Basal Forebrain
* Cortex

30
Q

what are the 2 Determinants of alertness

A
  1. Neuromodulatory systems in the brainstem
  2. The cortical regions to which these neuromodulatory systems project
31
Q

so all brainstem modulatory systems use the same neurotransmitters

A

each system uses different neurotransmitters and impacts either
alertness or cognitive processes

32
Q

Which brain regions provide input to the upper brain stem and reticular formation for alertness?

A

Ascending sensory inputs (like pain)

Frontoparietal association and limbic cortices (emotions)

Hypothalamus (fight or flight)

33
Q

What happens when we damage brainstem modulatory systems

A

Lack of alertness / consciousness.

34
Q

what are the 3 levels of Lack of alertness / consciousness

A

coma

vegetative state

minimally conscious

35
Q

what happens in the brain during a comma

A

severely depressed brain function

Psychologically meaningful or purposeful responses mediated by the cortex are absent.

May show:
Reflexive eye movements
* Respiratory movements
* Posturing

36
Q

what is decorticate posturing during coma

A

damaging to corticospinal track, flexor pattern

37
Q

what is decerebrate posturing during coma

A

worse outcome, damage to rubrospinal track, more damage to brainstem

38
Q

what is a vegetative state

A

No meaningful responses, speech or gestures, but may:

Open eyes and arouse in response to stimulation

May turn eyes and heads toward auditory and tactile stimulation

have unintelligible sounds

39
Q

what is a Minimally conscious state

A

Can occur after the vegetative state OR as a primary state

Appearance of visual tracking may be one of earliest signs.

Minimal or variable degree of responsiveness
* Simple commands
* Single words
* Reach/hold objects

Not reliable yes/no

40
Q

what does acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter do

A

goes all over the brain to help with alertness and memory

without acetylcholine, we see depressed brain function

41
Q

what does dopamine as a neurotransmitter do

A

focuses on the frontal part of the cortex

alertness and memory

crucial for sustained attention (concentration)

42
Q

what are the 4 neurotransmitters released?

A

acetylcholinr

dopamine

norepinephrine

serotonin

43
Q

what is the relationship between the parietal, temporal and frontal cortex?

A

Parietal Cortex: Attends to complex stimuli

Temporal Cortex: Identifies these stimuli

Frontal cortex: Responds to stimuli

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