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Neuroscience > Lecture 1: Intro to CNS and PNS > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro to CNS and PNS Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what makes up the PNS?

A

cranial nerves (arise from the brain)

spinal nerves (arise from the spine)

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3
Q

what is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

a neuron

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4
Q

what is a soma

A

the cell body of the neuron

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5
Q

what is a synapse

A

spot on dentrites, where neurons communicate with each other

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6
Q

where do inputs of neurons occur

A

at the dendrites

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7
Q

where is the output of neurons

A

axon and axon terminal

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8
Q

what is a cluster of nerve cells located in the CNS called

A

nucleus or nuclei (plural)

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9
Q

what is a cluster of nerve cells located in the PNS called

A

ganglion or ganglia (plural)

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10
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath on axons?

A

it provided insulation allowing the electrical signal from the cell body to rapidly reach the axon

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11
Q

what are cells that produce myelin in the CNS called?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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12
Q

what are cells that produce myelin in the PNS called?

A

Schwann Cells

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13
Q

what is white matter is composed of?

A

Myelinated axons

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14
Q

what is grey matter is composed of?

A

less myelin, mostly cell bodies

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15
Q

what are the two functional types of neurons in the PNS

A

sensory (affarent)

motor (efferent)

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16
Q

what are sensory (affarent) nerves?

A

“Affect - your feelings”

Carry nerve impulses towards CNS

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17
Q

what are motor (efferent)

A

Effect the world around you

carry nerve impulses away from the CNS

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18
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic and viseral

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19
Q

what is the somatic division of the PNS?

A

go to and from the external environment

sensory:
1. general somatic afferents

  1. special somatic afferents

motor:
1. general somatic efferents

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20
Q

what are general somatic afferents?

A

pain, temperature, touch, proprioception

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21
Q

what are special somatic afferents?

A

vision, hearing, balance, smell

only found in cranial nerves 1, 2, 8

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22
Q

what are general somatic efferents

A

innervation of skeletal muscles

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23
Q

what is the visceral division of the PNS?

A

go to and from the internal environment

sensory:
1. general visceral afferent

  1. special visceral afferent

motor:
1. general visceral efferent

  1. special visceral efferent
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24
Q

what general visceral afferents?

A

pain and reflexes from organs, glands and blood vessels

mostly subconscious but can become conscious like heartburn

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25
Q

what are special visceral afferents?

A

taste

only found in cranial nerves 7, 9, 10

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26
Q

what are general visceral efferents?

A

innervation of smooth muscle (gut and arteries) and glands

controls sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions of nervous system

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27
Q

what are special visceral efferents?

A

innervation of skeletal muscle in pharynx

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28
Q

what is the large section of the brain we can view from the lateral perspective

A

cerebrum

think Bruh its big

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29
Q

what is the smaller section of the brain inferior to the larger section

A

cerebellum

“belly” of the brain

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30
Q

What are the convolutions on the cerebrum called and what separates them?

A

gyri separated by sulci

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31
Q

what are the convolutions on the cerebellum called, and what separates them?

A

folia separated by fissures

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32
Q

Name the three components of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
pons
medulla

superior to inferior

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33
Q

What do you call the fissure that separates the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

Medial longitudinal fissure

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34
Q

What structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum (white matter)

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35
Q

Name the 6 lobes of the cerebrum

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, limbic, insula

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36
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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37
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe?

A

Lateral sulcus

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38
Q

Which of the 6 cerebrum lobes are defined besed on function?

A

Limbic and insula

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39
Q

What separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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40
Q

where is the limbic lobe?

A

not visible with lateral view, only medial. next to corpus callosum and extends onto the medial surface of temporal lobe

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41
Q

where is the insula lobe?

A

Tucked under the opercula (edges) of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lopes

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42
Q

what are the 6 functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Voluntary movement
attention
short term memory tasks
motivation
Planning
Speech

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43
Q

What are the 2 functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory processing

further visual processing

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44
Q

What are the 2 functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Integrates sensory stimuli

Language

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45
Q

What is the function of the Occipital lobe?

A

center for visual processing

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46
Q

What are the 4 functions of the limbic lobe?

A

Emotional regulation

learning

memory

visceral function

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47
Q

What are the 3 functions of the insular lobe?

A

taste

visceral sensation

vestibular function

48
Q

What 2 main arteries supply blood to the brain?

A

Internal carotid (anterior)

Vertebral arteries (posterior)

49
Q

the vertebral arteries join to form which artery?

A

Basilar artery

50
Q

where does the basilar artery terminate

A

at the base of the circle of willis

51
Q

which small arteries are along the way of the basilar artery?

A

pontine arteries that supply blood to the pons

52
Q

which artery branches off from both of the vertebral arteries

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

53
Q

which artery branches off from both sides of the basilar artery inferior to the pontine arteries

A

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

54
Q

which artery branches off from both sides of the basilar artery anterior to the pontine arteries?

A

superior cerebellar artery

55
Q

which arteries branch off from both sides of the posterior aspect of the circle of willis

A

posterior cerebral artery

56
Q

what is the posterior communicating artery

A

forms the lateral part of the circle of willis, connects the posterior cerebral artery with the internal carotid artery

57
Q

what is the internal carotid artery

A

artery facing the inside go of the circle of willis

58
Q

what is the middle cerebral artery

A

artery facing outside of circle of willis

59
Q

what is the anterior cerebral artery

A

arteries forming the anterior aspect of the circle of willis

60
Q

what is the anterior communicating artery

A

connecting the two anterior cerebral arteries

61
Q

What brain regions are supplied by the anterior cerebral artery (ACA)?

A

Laterally: Superior/anterior portion of frontal and parietal lobes

Medially: frontal, parietal and limbic lobes

62
Q

What brain regions are supplied by the middle cerebral artery (MCA)?

A

Laterally: Frontal, parietal, temporal, opccipital, and insula

Medially: Small portion of temporal

63
Q

What brain regions are supplied by the posterior cerebral artery(PCA)?

A

Laterally: Posterior/inferior occipital and temporal lobes

Medially: Occipital, temporla, limbic lobes

64
Q

Name the 4 regions of the spinal cord

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

65
Q

The spinal cord ends at the level of what vertebrae?

A

L1/L2

66
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus Medullaris

67
Q

What is the collection or roots below the conus medullaris called

A

cauda equina

68
Q

in the spinal cord, is white or gray matter central?

A

gray matter is central surrounded by white matter

69
Q

Name the the three column divisions of the white matter in the spinal cord

A

anterior, lateral, posterior

70
Q

The gray matter in the spinal cord is divided into three what?

A

Horns (anterior, lateral, posterior)

71
Q

What sensory information passes through the Posterior Horn?

A

Somatic sensory information (general somatic afferents [GSA])

72
Q

The anterior horn is associated with the:

A

Somatic motor pathway (general somatic efferents [GSE])

73
Q

The lateral horn is associated with the:

A

sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system (General Visceral
Efferents [GVE])

only found at T1-L1/L2

74
Q

Name the 2 categories of sensory receptors

A

Discriminative/fine touch mechanoreceptors

Crude touch/pain/temp free nerve endings

75
Q

Which specialized sensory receptors in muscles and joints are responsible for
proprioception, and what do each of them do?

A

Muscle spindles: detect muscle length

Golgi tendon organs: detect muscle tension

76
Q

Processes project from the sensory receptors to primary neurons located where?

A

in the posterior (dorsal) root ganglia

77
Q

what are posterior (dorsal) root ganglia

A

collections of neurons associated with each posterior (dorsal) spinal cord root

contains neurons that receive input from individual sensory receptors

78
Q

what is the structure of the neurons of the DRG

A

pseudounipolar

They have just a single process that makes contact with the cell body. But the single process is split, with one portion carrying signals to the cell and the other portion carrying signals away from the cell.

79
Q

what are Posterior (dorsal) roots

A

they travel from the DRG to the spinal cord, but depending on the sensory modality, can go either to white matter (to travel up the spinal cord) or gray matter (posterior horn).

80
Q

what are the 3 pathways different sensory modalities take within the CNS

A

posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway
(discriminative touch and conscious proprioception)

spinothalamic pathway (crude touch/pain/temperature)

spinocerebellar pathways (unconscious proprioception

81
Q

what is the starting point of the Posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway

A

touch receptors and proprioceptors in skin, muscle and joints

82
Q

where are the somata (cell bodies) of the primary sensory neurons associated with the receptors in the posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway

A

posterior (dorsal) root ganglia.

83
Q

where do the axons from the primary neurons join white matter

A

in the posterior columns of the spinal cord

those from the lower body go into the fasciculus gracilis (more medial)

those from upper body into the fasciculus cuneatus (more lateral)

84
Q

which levels of the spinal cord is the fasciculus gracilis evident at

A

every level of the spinal cord

85
Q

which levels of the spinal cord is the fasciculus cuneatus evident at

A

at T6 and above

86
Q

what do the axons do once they reach the Fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus?

A

they ascend up the spinal cord to the medulla (lowest part of brainstem) where they synpapse (form connections with) second order neurons in the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus

87
Q

what do the axons from the second order neurons do in the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus?

A

they cross and enter the medial lemniscus on the opposite side of the medulla, then ascend all the way through the brainstem until reaching the thalamus

88
Q

what do the axons do when they reach the thalamus

A

they synapse on the third order neurons in the ventral posterolateral nucleus

89
Q

what do the axons do in the ventral posterolateral nucleus

A

they project to the post- central gyrus (parietal lobe, just posterior to the central sulcus), the location of the primary somatosensory area.

90
Q

all sensory information except for which kind travels through the thalamus before it reaches the cerebrum

A

smell

91
Q

what is the starting point of the spinothalamic pathway

A

crude, pain and temperature

92
Q

where are the primary sensory neurons for the spinothalamic pathway located

A

in the DRG

93
Q

where do the axons from the primary neurons project in the spinothalamic pathway

A

into Lissauer’s tract before entering the dorsal horn (grey matter) and contacting the dendrites of other neurons in the substantia gelatinosa or the nucleus proprius (deeper)

(different from white matter in posterior column pathway)

94
Q

where do the second order neurons on the spinothalamic pathway go after they entered the substantia gelatinosa or the nucleus proprius

A

cross from one side of the cord in the anterior white commissure (white matter) and enter the spinothalamic tract (STT) on the opposite side.

95
Q

where do the second order neurons on the spinothalamic pathway go after they enter the spoinothalamic tract on the opposite side

A

ascend through the spinal cord white matter (anterior, lateral columns) and then through the brainstem, reaching the VPL nucleus of the thalamus where they synapse (onto 3rd order neurons).

96
Q

where do 3rd order neurons in the spinothalamic pathway project

A

to the primary somatosensory cortex

97
Q

what are the 3 subconscious proprioception
pathways carried by the spinal cord to the cerebellum

A

Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Anterior spinocerebellar tract Cuneocerebellar tract

98
Q

how does sensory information from the face and head travel to the brain

A

the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve

99
Q

where are the neurons of the trigeminal nerve contained

A

trigeminal ganglia (instead of dorsal root ganglia)

100
Q

at what level of the brainstem do General somatic afferents from the trigeminal ganglion enter

A

mid-pons level,

then into the chief sensory nucleus (discriminative touch and proprioception)

then into the spinal nucleus (pain and temperature)

101
Q

where do axons from the chief sensory nucleus go

A

they cross and join the trigeminal lemniscus (more or less overlaps with medial lemniscus).

102
Q

where do axons from the spinal nucleus go

A

they cross and join the trigeminothalamic tract (overlaps with and medial to the spinothalamic tract).

103
Q

where do both sets of crossed neurons go

A

Both ascend to the ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus, then project to the primary somatosensory cortex in the post- central gyrus (parietal lobe).

104
Q

how is he primary somatosensory cortex organized

A

in a somatopic fashion, creating a “homunculus” of body regions.

105
Q

What is the function of nerve 1 olfactory?

A

Smell (ssa)

106
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 2 optic?

A

Vision (ssa)

107
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 7 facial?

A

Taste (sva)

108
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 8 vestibulocochlear

A

Hearing and balance (ssa)

109
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 9 glossopharyngeal?

A

Pharynx sensation (gsa)

Taste (sva)

110
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 10 Vegus

A

Taste (sva)

111
Q

Where do the olfactory (CN 1) nerves carry signals to?

A

From nasal mucosa to neurons in the olfactory bulb. They are then projected directly to the primary olfactory Cortex in limbic lobe SKIPPING THE THALAMUS

112
Q

Where do the optic nerves (CN 2) carry signals to

A

Travel from the retina through optic tract to reach lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. Then projects to primary visual cortex in occipital lobe

113
Q

Where does auditory information carried by the cochlea by the cochlear nerves (part of CN 8) travel to

A

The cochlear nuclei in the medulla, then project to the inferior colliculus in the midbrain, then to the medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus

114
Q

Where does vestibular information carried form the vestibular apparatus by the vestibular nerve (part of CN 8) go to

A

The vestibule nuclei in medulla and pons, and then projects to the thalamus then to insula and temporo-parietal region

115
Q

Where does gustatory (taste) information carried from the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve go to?

A

Solitary nucleus in medulla then projected to primary gustatory Cortex in the insula

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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