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Neuroscience > Lecture 21: Emotions and Mental Health > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Emotions and Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 ways all emotions are expressed

A

visceral motor system

somatic motor system (facial muscles)

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2
Q

what are the 5 visceral motor system reactions to emotions

A
  • Heart rate
  • Cutaneous blood flow
  • Piloerection
  • Sweating
  • Gastro-intestinal motility

brought on by changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic system

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3
Q

are Emotion and sensorimotor behaviour linked

A

yes we can’t separate fear from the physical sensations like stomach dropping

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4
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms of Somatic Motor System (Facial muscles)

A
  1. Voluntary
    (from motor cortical areas)
  2. Involuntary/Automatic
    (Limbic system)
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5
Q

do we need both voluntary and involuntary motor pathways to express emotion?

A

yes.

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6
Q

what kind of motor control does somatic emotional expression (facial muscles) use

A

a DUAL nature of descending motor control of voluntary and involuntary response

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7
Q

do the descending inputs of the somatic motor system run perpendicular or parallel to each other

A

parallel

This connection between limbic system and body is a “two-way street”. The motor system influences the limbic system/emotional states and vice versa (eg meditation)

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8
Q

what are the 2 sources of emotion

A

Physical Sensation

cognition

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9
Q

how do physical sensations cause emotions

A

allows rapid physiological changes in response to altered conditions

(gut feeling, stomach churns so we feel grossed out)

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10
Q

how does cognition cause emotion

A

Anticipated events, suspenseful TV shows etc all lead to autonomic activation and strongly felt emotions

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11
Q

is emotion a subjective experience

A

yes. people across cultures agree what emotions feel like

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12
Q

what are the 3 brain structures involved in emotion

A

Hypothalamus -

Amygdala

limbic system

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13
Q

what are the two target structures for the hypothalamus and their function?

A

reticular formation (producing visceral and somatic responses tied to emotional states)

anterior pituitary gland
(link to endocrine system)

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14
Q

does the hypothalamus have targets in the somatic(fascial expressions) or visceral nervous system

A

both

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15
Q

what would happen if your cortex disconnected from the hypothalamus

A

anger outbursts

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16
Q

which 2 brain ares control the hypothalamus

A

frontal cortex

amygdala

17
Q

what is the role of the basal lateral amygdala

A

provides emotional significance to a stimuli,
then the cortex influences conscious perception and memory of dangerous situations

18
Q

what is the role of the central/anterior amygdala

A

sends signals to hypothalamus to produce visceral and somatic responses

19
Q

what are the 5 components of the limbic system.

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Amygdala
  5. Olfactory bulb
20
Q

why are some people “left-faced”

A

the left side of the face appears to express emotion more fully and readily is consistent with the idea that the right hemisphere is most concerned with the perception and express of emotion (e.g. aprosody with right hemisphere lesions)

21
Q

what are the 4 steps to the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA Axis)

A

stress

Hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Anterior pituitary releases
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Adrenal glands release cortisol

ANIXETY SYMTPOMS!

22
Q

What are the 3 ways tress can turn off

A
  1. Negative feedback (cortisol)
  2. Pre-frontal cortex
  3. Hippocampus
23
Q

how can Negative feedback (cortisol) turn off stress

A

cortisol inhibits CRH/ACTH which stops more cortisol from being released

24
Q

how can the pre-frontal cortex turn off stress

A

our brain reassures us we are fine

25
Q

how can the hippocampus turn off stress

A

brings up our memory that we have been okay in this situation before

26
Q

what are the 4 neurotransmitters related to stress

A

acetylcholine

dopamine

norepinephrine

serotonin

27
Q

what are the 4 targets and functions of acytilcholine

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • hippocampus
  • Thalamus
  • Cerebellum, pons, medulla

alertness and memory

28
Q

what are the 3 targets and 3 functions of dopamine

A

Limbic cortex/amygdala
Prefrontal cortex
Nucleus accumbens

Movements
* Initiative
* Workingmemory

29
Q

what is the target and 2 functions of norepinephrine

A

entire CNS

alertness and mood elevation

30
Q

what is the target and 3 functions of serotonin

A

entire CNS

alertness, mood
elevation, breathing control

31
Q

what are the 3 Neurological correlates of depression

A

Increased blood flow in the triangular circuit

Smaller hippocampal volume

Increased HPA activity

32
Q

what are the 2 Neurological correlates of anxiety

A

Increased activity in amygdala is most common
* In response to stimuli, not necessarily at rest

Increases in cortisol levels

33
Q

what are the 3 Neurological correlates of schizophrenia

A
  • limbic system, frontal lobes and basal ganglia are impacted
  • Neuroimaging: decreased activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • Abnormal dopamine levels
34
Q

what are the 3 stages of Alzheimer’s disease

A

amnesia stage - impaired short term memory

confusional stage - decline of cognitive abilities

dementia stage - unable to care for oneself

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