Lecture 14: Motor Learning Flashcards
what is motor learning
practice or experience leading to a relatively permanent change in skilled behaviour
what is happening in the brain with motor learning
neuroplasticity
what is Explicit motor learning
Conscious learning
verbal knowledge (we’re focused on what our body is doing while relying on memory)
what is Implicit/procedural motor learning
Unconscious remembering
like riding a bike
as motor learning progresses, is there an increase or decrease in brain activity
decrease
what are the 3 Factors Affecting Learning
the abilities of the learner
the type of task
the client’s current learning stage
why is problem-solving important for motor learning
Having the learner actively problem-solve can enhance learning
why is Retention and Transferability important for motor learning
we want the learning to be relatively permanent so they can repeat the task later (retention)
they can then perform different but related tasks (transferability)
why is practice important with motor learning
deliberate practice is essential
we need to increase difficulty over time
what are discrete tasks
Task has a clear beginning and end
feedback is obtained after task
completion
(hitting a tennis ball)
what are continuous tasks
Adjustments can be made in real time
(riding a bike
what is part practice
Working on smaller parts of a skill
Better for early motor learning
Better for discrete tasks
what is Whole practice
Working on entire skill at once
Better for continuous tasks
what are closed tasks
Tasks performed in a predictable, unchanging environment
what are Open tasks
Tasks performed in a dynamic and changing environment
what are the 3 kinds of scheduled practice
blocked
random
distributed
what is blocked practice
Practice Task A, then Task B, then Task C
AAA, BBB, CCC
what is random practice
Practice combinations of Tasks A, B, and C
ABB, CAC, CBA
what is distributed practice
Practice is broken up into a number of short sessions over a longer period of time
(ABC)
what is the hierarchy of the types of practice
random practice results in better learning, retention, and transferability than blocked practice
Distributed practice leads to better retention than blocked practice
when is the benefit of random practice lost
learning very complex tasks or in individuals with significant neurological deficits
do people with neurological injuries need the same amount of practice as others?
People with neurological injuries require more practice than healthy individuals
is the current dose of average therapy enough
Current rehabilitation dose is not sufficient to promote cortical reorganization
they need to do more reps to get enough practice
How Can we Increase the Dose of practice?
Action Observation
motor imager/mental rehearsal
what is action observation
Prior to the client performing the task, provide a demonstration or have them observe the task
they use mirror neurons
what is motor imager/mental rehearsal
Cognitive rehearsal and imagining of a motor action
Mental practice + physical practice = greater improvements in motor performance
what are the outcomes with high doses of practice
excellent outcomes with high doses
what is Intrinsic feedback
Internal information the person obtains
Critical for error detection
what is Extrinsic (augmented feedback)
Information gathered from outside the
person’s body
knowledge of results
Knowledge of performance
how should we provide feedback (5 ways)
Positive feedback before negative
Excessive feedback can hinder learning
Intermittent schedule, decrease over time
Terminal feedback (after they’re done) > concurrent feedback
Focus on your observations
what should be priorities in early stages of motor learning in terms of feedback
knowledge of results
what should be priorities in later stages of motor learning in terms of feedback
knowledge of performance
do enhanced learner expectations improve or hinder learning
it can improve learning
what is Kinematic Abundance
Movement patterns may differ slightly for the same task and that’s okay
what is task salience
Practice meaningful tasks used in daily life
Make these tasks as realistic as possible
with explicit motor learning, what are we focused on
knowledge of performance since we are consciously learning
with implicit/procedural motor learning, what are we focused on
knowledge of results since we are using unconscious remembering
what type of learning is particularly advantageous for people with cognitive impairments
implicit learning
Which of the following statements is NOT considered to be part of the characteristics of motor learning?:
Learning cannot be observed directly
Learning is assumed to be relatively permanent
Learning occurs as a result of experience or practice
All responses are part of the characteristics of motor learning
All responses are part of the characteristics of motor learning
You are working with a client with severe cognitive impairment, which motor learning strategy should you avoid?
Random practice
