Lecture 9: Foot Flashcards
Dorsum vs plantar
Dorsum: top of foot
Plantar: sole
How do we number the toes?
1st toe = great toe
5th toe = pinky toe
What is the central axis of the foot?
Bisects 2nd toe, important for remembering function and innervation of muscles
What type of joint is the talocrural joint?
Hinge synovial
What movements occur at the talocrural joint?
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
T/F: Inversion occurs at the foot
True - not the ankle
What is a strong ligament that supports the medial part of a joint
Deltoid ligament (medial ligament)
What joint in the foot prevents overinversion?
Lateral ligament
Which ligament is STRONGER? lateral or medial ligament of the ankle joint
Medial
What is the term for a tear in ligaments without fracture or dislocation
Sprain
How do ankle sprains almost always occur?
Inversion
What ankle sprain types are rare because of the deltoid ligament?
Eversion
What is a Pott’s Fracture?
Occurs from over eversion of foot
Deltoid ligament pulls medial malleolus off
In a Pott’s fracture, what way does the talus and lateral malleolus move?
Lateral
What is the result of a Pott’s fracture?
Lateral malleolus and/or distal fibula will fracture
List the functions of foot arches
- Shock absorbers
- Protect vessels and nerves + muscles
- Help propel body when moving
List the 3 arches of the foot
- Medial longitudinal arch
- Lateral longitudinal arch
- Transverse arch
What arch is responsible for our footprint?
Medial longitudinal arch (highest arch)
What supports the foot arches
Bones
Ligaments
Muscles
What is the plantar calceonavicular (spring) ligament?
Ligament that provides main support to medial longitudinal arch
What is the long plantar ligament?
Provides main support to lateral longitudinal arch
What else supports the foot arches?
Plantar aponeurosis
A patient has pes planus. What are they experiencing? In terms of ligaments, describe this.
Flat foot – medial longitudinal arch is flattened
A patient has pes cavus. What are they experiencing?
High arches
What is the function of the plantar aponeurosis?
Provides firm attachment to the skin (improves grip) - protects the things under it
A patient is experiencing heel pain when running. They also have foot arch problems, tight calf muscles, and a short calcaneal tendon. What could they have?
Plantar fasciitis
What two muscles are strictly associated with the dorsum of the foot?
- Extensor hallicus brevis
- Extensor digitorum brevis
What artery supplies the dorsum of the foot?
Dorsalis pedis
What nerve innervates the dorsum of the foot?
Deep fibular N
What nerves innervate the plantar side of the foot?
- Medial plantar nerve
- Lateral plantar nerve
How does innervation get divided in the plantar foot?
via the LPN and MPN
ABDuctor hallucis innervation
MPN
Flexor digitorum brevis innervation
LPN
ABDuctor digiti minimi innervation
MPN
What muscles are in the first layer of the plantar foot?
ABductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
ABDuctor Digiti Minimi
What travels between layers 1 and 2 in the foot?
Plantar nerves and vessels
Generally, what is found in second layer of the foot
2 tendons and 2 sets of muscles
Specifically, what is found in second layer of the foot
Tendon: FHL
Tendon: FDL
Quadratus Plantar
Lumbricals
Innervation of quadratus plantae
LPN
1st lumberical innervation
MPN
2nd-4th lumberical innervation
LPN
What is in the 3rd layer of the foot?
Flexor hallicus brevis
Adductor hallicus
Flexor digiti minimi
Innervation of Flexor hallicus brevis
MPN
Innervation of Adductor Hallucis
LPN
Innervation of Flexor digiti minimi
LPN
Plantar + Dorsal interossei innervation
LPN
What is found in the 4th layer of the foot?
Plantar interossei
Dorsal interossei
Fibularis longus tendon
Tibialis posterior tendon
What 4 arteries supply blood to the foot?
Dorsalis pedis artery
Medial plantar artery
Lateral plantar artery
Plantar arterial arch
The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of what artery
anterior tibial
The dorsalis pedis supplies what
Dorsum of the foot
T/F the dorsalis pedis is only in the dorsum of the foot
F; sends a branch to plantar side
What artery supplies most medial side of the foot?
Medial plantar artery
What artery supplies a great portion of the plantar side of the foot?
Lateral plantar artery
What forms the plantar arterial arch?
Lateral plantar + dorsalis pedis
Where do the digital arteries come from?
Plantar arterial arch
The deep fibular nerve motor innervation
Dorsal foot muscles
Deep fibular nerve sensory innervation
Between big toe and 2nd toe