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Advanced Anatomy > Lecture 12: Mediastinum > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the superior mediastinum

A

The region SUPERIOR to the horizontal line running from the sternal angle to the T4 vertebra

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2
Q

What is found in the superior mediastinum (8 things)

A

Thymus
Great vessels
Trachea
Esophagus
Thoracic duct
Phrenic nerves
Vagus nerves
Sympathetic trunks

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3
Q

Describe the inferior mediastinum

A

Region inferior to the line from the sternal angle to the T4 vertebra

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4
Q

What is the inferior mediastinum bound by (inferiorly)

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

Describe the anterior mediastinum

A

Sternum to pericardial sac

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6
Q

What is found in the anterior mediastinum?

A

Thymus and/or adipose tissue

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7
Q

What is found in the middle mediastinum?

A

Pericardium and heart

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8
Q

What is found in the posterior mediastinum?

A

Pericardial sac - thoracic vertebrae

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9
Q

What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?

A

Esophagus
Thoracic duct
Aorta (descending thoracic)
Azygos (& hemi) veins
Nerves (sympathetic trunk, vagus)

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10
Q

What is the bilobed organ found in the superior mediastinum?

A

Thymus

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11
Q

What is the importance of the thymus

A

Site for T-lymphocyte maturation and differation

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12
Q

After puberty, what happens to thymus?

A

Replaced with adipose tissue

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13
Q

Where does the trachea split into L/R primary bronchi?

A

Level of sternal angle

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14
Q

What is the fibromuscular tube found in the mediastinum?

A

Esophagus

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15
Q

What are the three constrictions in the esophagus?

A

Arch of aorta
Left primary bronchus
Diaphragm

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16
Q

Why would these esophageal constrictions be important to know? What is their clinical significance?

A

Individuals with swallowing problems likely will experience blockage/greatest difficulty along these three constrictions
If something (like a large pill) gets lodged in the esophagus, it is most likely to get lodged in one of these three constrictions

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17
Q

What comes off of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
(ABCS)

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18
Q

What comes off the brachiocephalic artery?

A

Right common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery

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19
Q

What comes off the descending thoracic aorta?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries
Bronchial arteries
Esophageal arteries

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20
Q

What are the important veins of the mediastinum?

A

Left/Right brachiocephalic veins
SVC
IVC
Azygos vein
Hemiazygos vein

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21
Q

What nerves are found anterior to the root of the lung

A

Phrenic nerves

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22
Q

What nerve is found along the fibrous pericardium?

A

Phrenic

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23
Q

What nerve is posterior to the root of the lung

A

Vagus

24
Q

What nerve comes off of vagus?

A

Reccurent Laryngeal Nerves

25
Q

Thoracic splanchnic nerves come from

A

Sympathetic trunks

26
Q

What are the thoracic splanchnic nerves?

A

Greater, lesser, & least

27
Q

What are the two major lymphatic structures of the mediastinum

A

Thoracic duct
R. Lymphatic duct

28
Q

Define lymph

A

Fluid from arterioles/capillaries enters the extra-cellular space. This fluid will collect large proteins and other cellular junk.

(AKA - material that is unable to pass through the walls of veins)

29
Q

What structures collect lymph and carry it from the tissues into progressively larger vessels?

A

Lymphatic vessels

30
Q

T/F: Lymph vessels do not have veins

A

False

31
Q

Where do lymph vessels lead to?

A

Lymph nodes

32
Q

What happens when lymphocytes encounter antigens?

A

They multiply and produce antibodies, this will enlarging the node.

33
Q

Lymph from the lower limb and abdomen/pelvis goes where?

A

Cisterna chyli

34
Q

What is the flow of lymph from the cisterna chyli?

A

Thoracic duct –> left subclavian vein

35
Q

Where does the thoracic duct orginate?

A

In the abdomen at cisterna chyli

36
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from

A

Right upper limb, neck, and head

37
Q

What’s the innervation of the thoracic viscera?

A

ANS vis cardiac plexus

38
Q

What pathway of ANS does the thoracic viscera follow?

A

Pathway/Option 2

39
Q

What is the vascular supply to the lungs

A

I. Pulmonary system
II. Bronchial (systemic) system

40
Q

Describe the pulmonary system (vascular supply) to the lungs

A

Blood to/from lungs for reoxy

41
Q

Describe the bronchial (systemic) system to the lungs

A

Supply bronchi and larger bronchioles

42
Q

Where do bronchial arteries branch from?

A

Thoracic aorta

43
Q

Describe bronchial veins

A

They drain into the azygos vein or accessory hemiazygos vein - sometimes drain into pulmonary veins

44
Q

Describe the lymphatics of the lungs

A

Lymph from bronchopulmonary lymph nodes goes to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes then to L/R bronchomediastinal lymph trunks and finally to right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct

45
Q

What supplies innervation to the lungs?

A

ANS

46
Q

What is the pulmonary plexus?

A

Nerves that consist of sympathetic and parasympathetic axons

47
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation to the lungs?

A

CN X - Vagus

48
Q

What is the main function of CN X in the lungs

A

Bronchoconstrictor

49
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the lungs

A

T1-T5

50
Q

What is the main function of lung sympathetic innervation

A

Bronchodilator

51
Q

What ANS component is believed to be the cause of referred visceral pain (referred pain)

A

Afferent component

52
Q

Define referred visceral pain

A

visceral pain not felt in the viscera itself, but in a dermatome supplied by the same segments of the spinal cord

53
Q

Visceral pain for stomach

A

Epigastrum (T5-T9)

54
Q

Visceral pain for appendix

A

Umbilicus (T10)

55
Q

Visceral pain for heart

A

Upper left part of trunk (T1-T5)

Advanced Anatomy (18 decks)

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