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Microbiology LFS 261 > Lecture 9 - David's Lecture > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - David's Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three major forms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?

A

Transformation, conjugation, transduction

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2
Q

Generalised and specialised transduction both occur during what type of transduction?

A

bacteriophage mediated transduction

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3
Q

In generalised transduction and specialised transduction bacterial DNA is transferred. How are they transferred in each?

A

Generalised - transfer of random sections

Specialised transfer adjacent to a prophage

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4
Q

An extrachromosomal DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome

A

plasmid

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5
Q

Transformation involves the uptake of _____ ________by bacterial cells.

A

naked DNA

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6
Q

Transformation alters what two things of a cell.

A

Genotype and phenotype

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7
Q

Competency can be either ______ or _______

A

natural or artificial

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8
Q

Artificially competent bacteria are prepared by incubation in ice-cold _______ _________.

A

calcium chloride.

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9
Q

In the environment, transformation probably plays an important role in transferring ______ between organisms, even if they are different species.

A

genes

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10
Q

Transformation is used as a common method to place __________ DNA into bacterial cells.

A

recombinant

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11
Q

Basis of biotechnology

A

Transformation

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12
Q

Unidirectional transfer of DNA between a donor and recipient through a conjugal bridge

A

Conjugation

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13
Q

Can transfer themselves from a donor cell to a recipient cell

A

Self transmissible plasmids

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14
Q

Require the help of self transmissible plasmids for transfer

A

Mobilisable plasmids

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15
Q

Self transmissible plasmid genes are involved in what 2 things?

A

formation of conjugal bridge, involved in preparing and transferring DNA (eg relaxase)

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16
Q

What makes a nick in one strand at the nicsite within OriT?

A

Relaxase

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17
Q

What end of the DNA is attached to the relaxase?

A

5’

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18
Q

Relaxase and a what is transferred to the recipient?

A

single strand of DNA

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19
Q

Relaxase ________ the plasmid in the recipient

A

recyclizes. Then a complementary Strand is synthesised

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20
Q

In the donor cell, DNA polymerase makes a complementary ______ at what site?

A

DNA, 3’

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21
Q

Conjugation is the transfer of bacterial (plasmid) DNA by what to what contact

A

cell to cell

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22
Q

Do all self transmissible plasmids possess all genes necessary for their own transfer ?

A

Yes (egF plasmid)

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23
Q

What initiates DNA transfer

A

A single stranded nick in OriT by relaxase

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24
Q

F plasmids can integrate into the chromosome, forming an what

A

Hfr strain

25
Q

In an Hfr strain, oriT is located on the what?

A

chromosome

26
Q

Mobilisableplasmids can not transfer themselves, but can be transferred by what?

A

other plasmids

27
Q

Mobilisable plasmids contain what type of genes involved in DNA transfer?

A

mob

28
Q

The transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another by bacteriophage

A

Transduction

29
Q

How many phages are there on the planet?

A

10 to the 31

30
Q

How many bacterial per ml of sea water

A

10 to the 7

31
Q

Lysogenic phages and lysogeny - phage DNA integrates into the bacterial ________, or exists as a __________

A

chromosome, a plasmid

32
Q

Temperate phages when integrated into chromosome do not place any burden on the _______

A

host

33
Q

Prophage state can continue for how long?

A

almost indefinitely

34
Q

Damage to DNA or infection with another phage results in phage induction and the start of a ______ ______

A

lytic cycle

35
Q

lysogenic phage often encode genes that contribute to ___________

A

virulence

36
Q

Transfer of bacterial DNA by bacteriophage

A

transduction

37
Q

Is the transduction of bacterial DNA an accidental process or a purposeful process?

A

accidental

38
Q

Are transducing particles transferred the same way as ordinary phage particles?

A

yes

39
Q

Lytic and lysogenic phages - How is general transduction and specialised transduction arisen?

A

General - from lytic cycle

Specialised - after lysogenic infection

40
Q

Is this general transduction or specialised? - Randon bacterial DNA fragments are transferred.

A

General Transduction

41
Q

Is this general transduction or specialised? Only genes close to the attachement site are transferred

A

specialised transduction

42
Q

DNA sequesnces that can ‘jump’ from one place to another in a genome.

A

Transposable elements (eg. different coloured corn)

43
Q

What are 3 classes of transposable elements in bacteria?

A

insertion sequences
composite transposons
non-composite transposons

44
Q

Transposable elements all contain ________ DNA repeat sequences at their _________

A

inverted, ends

45
Q

Where are transposable elements often found?

A

Plasmids or bacteriophages

46
Q

Insertion sequences only encode genes necessary for ____________

A

transposition

47
Q

Transposable elements that carry one or more genes in addition to those needed for transposition

A

Bacterial transposons

48
Q

DNA flanked by two IS elements of the same type

A

composite transposons

49
Q

Can composite transposons bracket additional genes?

A

Yes

50
Q

Transposable elements that carry one or more genes in addition to those needed for transposition

A

Bacterial transposons

51
Q

What is this describing: Do not contain IS elements at their ends. Do contain inverted repeats. May contain additional genes within the IR.

A

Non-composite transposons

52
Q

Often contain multiple antibiotic resistance genes

A

Transposons

53
Q

Transposons are often found on _________

A

plasmids

54
Q

What are the 2 types of gene transfer?

A

Vertical (binary fission) and Horizontal

55
Q

Uptake of naked DNA (ie. plasmid) from surroundings. Plays a role in biotechnology

A

Transformation

56
Q

Unidirectional transfer of DNA between a donor and recipient through a conjugal bridge. Self transmissible vs mobilizable plasmids.

A

Conjugation

57
Q

The transfer of DNA via a bacteriophage. Lytic vs Lysogenic. Generalised vs Specific.

A

Transduction

58
Q

DNA elements that move from one place in DNA to another in a genome

A

Transposable

59
Q

What type of gene transfer plays a role in virulence and multi-antibiotic resistance?

A

Horizontal

Microbiology LFS 261 (17 decks)

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