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Microbiology LFS 261 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Opportunists are microorganisms that

A

cause disease when the proper condition arises.

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2
Q

A species of bacterium lives on the surface of the human skin. It does not help or harm the human host. However, it gains a habitat. This symbiotic relationship is

A

commensalism

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3
Q

By microbial antagonism, one microbe

A

inhibits the growth of another microbe.

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4
Q

Through opportunism among microbes, commensals change to

A

pathogens.

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5
Q

Pathology is the study of

A

disease

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6
Q

Etiology

A

the study of the cause of the disease

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7
Q

Pathogenesis is

A

The development of disease

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8
Q

Infection

A

Invasion and Colonization of the body by pathogens

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9
Q

Disease

A

When infection results in change of a state of health (sometimes with no symptoms).

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10
Q

What is Lactobacillus acidophilus

A

Acid tolerant bacteria

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11
Q

Transient microbiota maybe present for how long

A

Days weeks or months

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12
Q

Normal microbiota and the host- what does normal microbiota do to the host

A

Permanently colonize the host

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13
Q

What is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host

A

Symbiosis

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14
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

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15
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism is benefited at the expense of the other

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16
Q

Probiotics

A

Are live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

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17
Q

What are 3 things that normal microbiota do to protect the host?

A

Occupy niches that pathogens might occupy
Produce acids
Produce bacteriocins

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18
Q

Koch’s postulates are used to prove…

A

The cause of an infectious disease

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19
Q

Communicable disease

A

A disease that is spread from one host to another

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20
Q

Contagious disease

A

A disease that is easily spread from one host to another

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21
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

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22
Q

Endemic disease

A

Disease constantly present in a population

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23
Q

Epidemic disease

A

Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time

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24
Q

Pandemic disease

A

Worldwide epidemic

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25
Q

Heard immunity

A

Immunity in most of a population

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26
Q

Bacteremia

A

Bacteria in the blood

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27
Q

Septicemia

A

Growth of bacteria in the blood

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28
Q

Toxemia

A

Toxins in the blood

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29
Q

Direct Contact - definition and examples

A

Requires close association between infected and susceptible host. (eg: Rabies, rat bite fever, STD)

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30
Q

Indirect contact - definition and examples

A

Spread by fomites (inanimate objects) (e.g. Gas Gangrene)

31
Q

Droplet contact - definition and examples

A

Transmission via airborne droplets ( e.g. influenza virus, Tuberculosis)

32
Q

What are 3 types of Vehicle transmission

A
  1. Water Borne
  2. Airborne
  3. Food-Borne
33
Q

What are 4 types of person to person transmission

A
  1. Blood-borne (HIV)
  2. Genital Tract (Herpes)
  3. Eye to Eye (Chlamydia)

4.Urinary Tract Nosocomial (Catheter Use)

34
Q

2 types of Vector transmission

A

Mechanical and Biological

35
Q

2 x Examples of Biological transfer

A

Lyme disease and Malaria (Ticks and Mosquitos)

36
Q

2 x examples of Mechanical transfer

A

E.coli and Samonellosis (Flies)

37
Q

What is a nosocomial infection

A

Are acquired as a result of a hospital stay

38
Q

botulism tetanus come from what nonliving transmission reservoir

A

soil

39
Q

The major significance of Koch’s work was that

A

Microorganisms cause disease.

40
Q

Koch’s postulates don’t apply to all diseases because

A

Not all diseases are caused by microorganisms

41
Q

Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection?
A) Botulism B) Tuberculosis C) Measles D) Common cold E) Diphtheria

A

Botulism

42
Q

Mechanical transmission differs from biological transmission in that mechanical transmission
A) Doesn’t require an arthropod. B) Involves fomites. C) Doesn’t involve specific diseases.
D) Requires direct contact. E) Doesn’t work with noncommunicable diseases.

A

Doesn’t involve specific diseases.

43
Q 
A cold is an example of what kind of occurence
A) endemic
B) epidemic
c) pandemic
d) sporatic
e) incidence
A

Endemic

44
Q

Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota because transient microbiota
A) Cause diseases. B) Are found in a certain location on the host.
C) Are acquired by direct contact. D) Are present for a relatively short time. E) Never cause disease.

A

Are present for a relatively short time

45
Q

Which of the following is NOT a communicable disease?

A) Malaria B) AIDS C) Tuberculosis D) Tetanus E) Typhoid fever

A

D) Tetanus

46
Q

Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection?A) A sick personB) A healthy personC) A sick animalD) A hospitalE) All of the above can be reservoirs of infection.

A

E) All of the above can be reservoirs of infection.

47
Q

What are fomites?

A

Objects or materials which are likely to carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, and furniture.

48
Q

Influenza transmitted by an unprotected sneeze is an example of
A) Direct contact. B) Droplet transmission. C) Fomite. D) Vector. E) Vehicle transmission.

A

B) Droplet transmission

49
Q

A sexually transmitted disease is an example of

A) Direct contact. B) Droplet transmission. C) Fomite. D) Vector. E) Vehicle transmission.

A

A) Direct contact

50
Q

Gastroenteritis acquired from roast beef is an example of

A) Direct contact. B) Droplet transmission. C) Fomite. D) Vector. E) Vehicle transmission

A

E) Vehicle transmission

51
Q

A needlestick is an example of

A) Direct contact. B) Droplet transmission. C) Fomite. D) Vector. E) Vehicle transmission

A

C) Fomite

52
Q

Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of a
A) Communicable disease. B) Latent infection. C) Nosocomial infection.
D) Sporadic disease. E) None of the above.

A

C) Nosocomial infection.

53
Q

Legionellosis transmitted by a grocery store mist machine is an example of A) Direct contact. B) Droplet transmission.C) Fomite.D) Vector.E) Vehicle transmission.

A

E) Vehicle transmission.

54
Q

Plague transmitted by a flea is an example of

A) Direct contact. B) Droplet transmission. C) Fomite. D) Vector. E) Vehicle transmission.

A

D) Vector.

55
Q

The most likely mode of transmission of pneumonic plague between humans is
A) Direct contact.B) Droplet transmission.C) Fomite.D) Vector. E) Vehicle transmission.

A

B) Droplet transmission.

56
Q

Proteinaceous or Peptidic toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain

A

What are Bacteriocina?

57
Q

Sporadic disease is when disease….

A

occurs infrequently and irregularly

58
Q

What is an Exogenous Infection

A

Organisms from any where outside to inside the body,

59
Q

What is an Endogenous Infection

A

Direct implantation of bacteria into the wound

60
Q

How does Bifidobacterium promote infant health?

A

by fermenting milk sugars to acetic and lactic acids- the acidic environment is in hospitable to many pathogens.

61
Q

Microbes that establish a permanent /long lasting residence

A

Resident microbiota

62
Q

Microbes that may be present for days, weeks and even months and then disappear

A

Transient microbiota

63
Q

Example of Communicable diseases (Contagious diseases)

A

Chicken pox, measles, Genital herpes, Typhoid fever

64
Q

Examples of Non-communicable diseases (diseases that are not contagious)

A

Tetanus

65
Q

Disease that develops rapidly but lasts a short time

A

Acute disease

66
Q

Develops slowly, but it lasts for a long time, e.g. tuberculosis, hepatitis B)

A

Chronic disease

67
Q

Intermediate between acute and chronic, e.g. Pan-encephalitis of brain; loss of nervous function

A

Subacute disease

68
Q

The causative agent remains inactive for a long period, e.g. Shingles caused by Varisella-zoster virus

A

Latent disease

69
Q

True or False Pathogens need a reservoir?

A

True

70
Q

Collection of data that describes the occurrence of a disease

A

Descriptive epidemiology

71
Q

Begins with a hypothesis about a disease

A

Experimental Epidemiology

72
Q

Analysis of a disease to determine it’s probable cause

A

Analytical epidemiology

73
Q

True or False : Candida albicans can become an opportunist in the human body during antibiotic therapy.

A

True

Microbiology LFS 261 (17 decks)

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