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Microbiology LFS 261 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Aerobic bacteria

A

grow in the presence of free oxygen

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2
Q

Anaerobic bacteria

A

grow in the absence of free oxygen

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3
Q

Facultatively anaerobic bacteria

A

grow in either the absence or presence of free oxygen

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4
Q

Microaerophilic bacteria

A

grow in the presence of minute quantities of free oxygen

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5
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

tolerate presence of oxygen

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6
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria

A

those bacteria that require an organic carbon source for growth

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7
Q

Oligotroph

A

any organism which can grow in relatively nutrient poor environments

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8
Q

Mesophiles

A

grow best in temperatures between 25º to 40ºC. . Most of the microroganisms on earth belong to the group of mesophiles

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9
Q

Xerophiles

A

live in extreme dry environments

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10
Q

Acidophiles

A

live in acidic environments

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11
Q

Thermophiles

A

live and grow in extremely hot environments that would kill most other microorganisms - Grow best at temperatures between 45º to 60ºC.

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12
Q

Alkaliphiles

A

live in alkaline environments like soda lakes, or alkaline soil

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13
Q

Psychrophiles

A

live and grow better in temperatures that are about - 0 to 20°C

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14
Q

Halophiles

A

live and grow in high saline/salty environments

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15
Q

Barophiles

A

can survive under great pressures

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16
Q

Psychrotrophs

A

live and grow better in temperatures that are about - 0 to 30°C

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17
Q

If 1ml of inoculum was placed onto an agar plate and 32 colonies were on a plate of 1/1000 dilution, what would the calculation be. Also what would the calculation be if it was 0.5ml of inoculum, 0.25ml, 0.20ml,0.1ml.

A

1ml - 32x 10,000

  1. 5ml - 32 x 10,000 x 2
  2. 25ml - 32 x 10,000 x 4
  3. 20ml - 32 x 10,000 x 5
  4. 1ml - 32 x 10,000 x 10
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18
Q

How is the spread plate method more advantageous that the pour plate method?

A

Colonies develop on the surface of the agar, better for morphology identification
higher bacterial counts

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19
Q

When bacteria multiply into macroscopic, isolated colonies - this is known as..

A

Colony Forming Units (CFU)

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20
Q

List 2 examples of organisms that can not be grown in laboratory mediums. (They must be grown in cultures containing living human/animal cells)

A

Syphilis and Leprosy

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21
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organic compounds - Carbon source (other feeders)

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22
Q

Autotrophs

A

Inorganic CO2 - Self Feeders

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23
Q

Allows growth of a single or limited type of bacteria based on a unique combination of nutritional or physiological attributes.

A

Elective enrichment medium

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24
Q

Microorganisms that are difficult to culture - they have an elaborate requirement for specific nutrients such as vitamins and other growth promoting substances

A

Fastidious Heterotrophs

25
Q

Chemical compounds containing mainly carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
All living organisms are made up of

A

organic compounds

26
Q

2 examples of Inorganic compounds: (lacking the properties characteristic of living organism)

A

Example “hydrochloric and sulfuric acids”

27
Q

2 major types of nutritional bacteria

A

Heterotrophs & Autotrophs

28
Q

2 examples of Heterotrophs

A

Photoheterotrophs, Chemoheterotrophs

29
Q

2 examples of Autotrophs

A

Photoautotrophs and Chemo Autotrophs

30
Q

2 examples of Autotrophs

A

Photoautotrophs and Chemoautotrophs

31
Q

Involves the use of inhibitory substances or conditions to suppress or inhibit the growth of most organisms while allowing the growth of the desired organism

A

Selective enrichment medium

32
Q

3 example question that will help make a proper selection of media and physical conditions?

A

aerobes or anaerobes?
autotrophic and heterotrophic?
thermophilic organisms, or more likely to be mesophilic?

33
Q

Nitrocellulose filter of pore size 0.45mm is often used to collect the microorganisms and this technique is called

A

membrane filtration technique.

34
Q

Two different methods are used for the application of the diluted sample to the growth medium

A

Spread plate 

Pour plate

35
Q

In the pour plate method aliquots of appropriate sample dilutions are mixed with molten agar to what temperature

A

45C

36
Q

Agar exists as a liquid at elevated temperatures but solidifies on cooling to

A

38ºC

37
Q

Does agar supply nutritional value to the medium

A

No

38
Q

Prepared in the laboratory from materials of precise composition

A

Synthetic Medium

39
Q

Contains certain reasonably familiar materials but that varies slightly in chemical composition from batch to batch.

A

Complex Medium

40
Q

Heterotrophic plate counts give an indication of the general ______ of the soil as well as an indication of the general availability of organic nutrients within the soil

A

Health

41
Q

obtain energy from organic substances

A

Heterotrophic bacteria

42
Q

Two basic types of media can be used for this heterotrophic plate count analysis.

A

nutrient rich and  nutrient poor media

43
Q

nutrient agar, peptone yeast extract agar and soil extract agar amended with glucose and peptone. These media contain high concentrations of peptone, yeast, and/or extracts from beef or soil are examples of what kind of media

A

Nutrient Rich

44
Q

media are often called minimal media and contain as much as 75% less of these ingredients, often with substitutions such as casein, glycerol or gelatin. examples - R2A agar, m-HPC agar, soil extract agar with no amendments.

A

Nutrient poor

45
Q

It contains ingredients to allow distinction of targeted microorganisms. Lots of different selective agents are used during the target directed isolation of microorganisms e.g., the dye crystal violet inhibits most gram-positive bacteria while allowing the growth of gram-negative bacteria.

A

Differential medium

46
Q

Growths of most fungi are inhibited during the_________ through the use of antifungal antibiotics

A

bacterial isolations

47
Q

This is normally done by the addition of antibiotics or dyes, such as Rose Bengal, or by lowering the pH of the medium

A

fungal isolations

48
Q

1] Periodic transfer to fresh media 2] Preservation of overlaying cultures with mineral oil 3] Preservation of cultures by rapid drying in a frozen state (lyophilization) 4] Storage at very low temperatures
Are examples of

A

Maintenance and preservation of pure cultures

49
Q

Some forms of life such as green plants, can utilize radiant energy and they are called

A

phototrophs.

50
Q

Forms of life incapable of utilizing radiant energy e.g. animal life rely upon oxidation of chemical compounds for their energy. These are called

A

chemotrophs

51
Q

Among the phototrophic bacteria there are species, which utilize CO2 as their principal source of carbon, and these are called

A

Photolithotrophs

52
Q

phototrophic bacteria require an organic compound and are called

A

Photoorganotrophs.

53
Q

If the bacterial energy derives from oxidation of elemental sulfur and inorganic sulfur compounds these are called

A

chemolithotrophic bacteria

54
Q

if a mixture of bacteria is inoculated on a blood-agar medium, some of the bacteria may hemolyze (destroy) the red blood cells where others do not. A clear zone around the colony is evidence of

A

hemolysis.

Thus, one can distinguish between hemolytic and non-hemolytic bacteria from growth on the same medium.

55
Q

The temperature of incubation, which allows for most rapid growth during a short period of time (12 to 24h), is known as the

A

Optimum Growth Temperature

56
Q

Optimum Growth Temperature

A

6.5 and 7.5

57
Q

Although few bacteria can grow at the extremes of the pH range, for most species the minimum and maximum limits fall somewhere between

A

pH 4 and pH 9

58
Q

Certain bacteria isolated from brines, salt packs, certain foods, and ocean water called which grow only when the medium contains an unusually high concentration of salt (10 to 15%). This represents an osmotic pressure response

A

obligate halophilic bacteria

Microbiology LFS 261 (17 decks)

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