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Microbiology LFS 261 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the study of Fungi called?

A

Mycology

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2
Q

These are chemoheterotrophs, requiring organic compounds for energy and carbon. They are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Only a few anaerobic are known.

A

Fungi

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3
Q

These are nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi that are typically spherical or oval

A

Yeasts

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4
Q

Frequently found as a white powdery coating on fruits and leaves

A

Yeast

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5
Q

A general, imprecise term for any fungus which forms a visible layer of mycelium and/or spores on the surface of foods, walls, etc…but does not form macroscopic fruiting bodies

A

Mold

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6
Q

Multicellular fungi are identified on the basis of physical appearance, including what 2 things?

A

Colony characteristics and reproductive spores

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7
Q

An entire microscopic fungus is called

A

Thallus

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8
Q

The thallus (body) of a mold or fleshy fungus consists of long filaments of cells joined together; these filaments are called ____________

A

hyphae, (singular hypha).

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9
Q

The plant body is called

A

Thallo

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10
Q

In most molds, the hyphae contain cross-walls called __________, which divide them into distinct, uninucleate (one nucleus) cell-like units. These hyphae are called ________ _______

A

septa (singular septum), septate hyphae

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11
Q

In a few classes of fungi, the hyphae contain no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with many nuclei. These are called _________ _________

A

coenocytic hyphae

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12
Q

Hyphae grow and elongate at what point?

A

the tips

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13
Q

In the laboratory, fungi are usually grown from fragments obtained from a ______ _______. The portion of a hypha that obtains nutrients is called the ______ ______.

A

fungal thallus,vegetative hypha

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14
Q

The portion of hypha concerned with reproduction is the reproductive or ______ _______. So named because it projects above the surface medium on which the fungus is growing.

A

aerial hypha

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15
Q

When environmental conditions are suitable, the hyphae grow to form a filamentous mass called a ________, which is visible to the unaided eye.

A

mycelium

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16
Q

Filamentous fungi can reproduce _________ by fragmentation of their _______.

A

asexually, hyphae

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17
Q

Both sexual and asexual reproduction in fungi occurs by the formation of ________

A

spores

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18
Q

fungi are usually identified by ________

A

spore type

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19
Q

Are fungal spores asexual or sexual or both?

A

Both

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20
Q

Are asexual or sexual fungal spores formed by the hyphae of one organism?

A

Asexual - When these spores germinate, they become organisms that are genetically identical to the parent.

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21
Q

Do asexual or sexual fungal spores result from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species of fungus.

A

sexual

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22
Q

What occurs more frequently asexual or sexual?

A

Asexual

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23
Q

Organisms that grow from ______ spores will have genetic characteristics of both parental strains

A

sexual

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24
Q

Asexual spores are produced by an individual through _______ and subsequent cell division; there is no fusion of the nuclei of cells

A

mitosis

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25
Q

A form of nuclear division characterized by exact chromosome duplication

A

mitosis

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26
Q

One type of asexual spore is __________, a unicellular or multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac.

A

conidiospore

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27
Q

Conidiospores are produced in a chain at the end of a ________. Such spores are produced by __________.

A

conidiophore, Aspergillus.

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28
Q

Another type of conidiospore, ___________, consists of buds coming off the parent cell. Such spores are found in some yeast, such as Candida albicans and Cryptococcus

A

blastoconidia

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29
Q

Another type of asexual spore is __________, is formed by the fragmentation of a septate hypha into single, slightly thickened cells.

A

arthrospore

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30
Q

Another type of asexual spore is a ______________, a thick-walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within the hyphal segment.

A

chlamydospore

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31
Q

Another type of asexual spore is a __________, formed within a sporangium, or sac, at the end of an aerial hypha called a sporangiophore. The sporangium can contain hundreds of sporangiospores.

A

sporangiospore

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32
Q

A fungal sexual spore results from sexual reproduction, consisting of three phases which are

A

Plasmogamy, Karyogamy. Meiosis

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33
Q

nucleus in which chromosomes are presented singly and unpaired

A

Haploid

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34
Q

A haploid nucleus of a donor cell(+) penetrates into the cytoplasm of a recipient cell(-) - is what phase of fungal spore reproduction

A

plasmogamy

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35
Q

The donor (+) and recipient (-) nuclei fuse to form diploid zygote nucleus - is what phase of fungal spore reproduction

A

Karyogamy

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36
Q

The diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei - is what phase of fungal spore reproduction

A

Meiosis

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37
Q

nuclei in which the chromosomes occur as homologous pairs, so that twice the haploid number is present

A

Diploid

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38
Q

A process occurring at different points in the life cycles of different organisms in which the chromosome number is reduced by half; compensates for the chromosome-doubling effect of fertilization. The sexual spores produced by fungi are the criterion used to classify the fungi into several divisions. In laboratory settings, most fungi exhibit only asexual spores and identification is based on microscopic examination of asexual spores.

A

Meiosis

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39
Q

5 Classifications of fungi

A

Chytridiomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Glomeromycetes

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40
Q

The fungi classified in the phylum Chytridiomycota, called ________, are ubiquitous in lakes and soil Some of the approximately 1,000 _______ species are decomposers, while others are parasites of protists, other fungi, plants, or animals (e.g. one such ________ parasite has likely contributed to the global decline of amphibian populations). Still other _______ are important mutualists. For example, anaerobic ______that live in the digestive tracts of sheep, cattle, kangaroos and other herbivores help to break down plant matter, thereby contributing significantly to the animal’s growth. _______ have flagellated spores and are thought to include some of the earliest fungal groups to diverge from other fungi

A

Chytrids (for all blanks)

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41
Q

This fungi include molds with septate hyphae and some yeast. Their asexual spores are usually conidiospores produced in long chains from the conidiophore. These spores freely detach from the chain at the slightest disturbance and float in the air like dust.

A

Ascomycota, or sac fungi,

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42
Q

This phylum includes fungi that produce mushrooms.

A

Basidiomycota, or club fungi,

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43
Q

How many basidiospores are there usually per basidium

A

four

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44
Q

Can some basidiomycetes produce asexually?

A

Yes

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45
Q

Saprophytic molds that have coenocytic hyhae

A

Zygomycota, or conjuction fungi

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46
Q

This is a large spore enclosed in a thick wall. This kind of spore results from the fusion of the nuclei of two cells those are morphologically similar to each other

A

Zygospore

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47
Q

In pathogenic fungi is temperature-dependent. At 37°C, the fungus is yeastlike, and at 25°C, it is moldlike. Mucor rouxii exhibits yeastlike growth, but in the agar it is mold-like with changing CO2 concentrations

A

Diamorphism

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48
Q

Some fungi most notably the pathogenic species, exhibit ____________(two forms of growth). Such fungi can grow either as a mold or as yeast. The moldlike forms produce vegetative and aerial hyphae, the yeast like forms reproduce by budding.

A

dimorphism

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49
Q

The edible part of the mushroom.

A

Fruiting bodies

50
Q

Fruiting bodies formed through the association of a large number of individual hyphae to form a __________.

A

mycelium

51
Q

What are 3 ways that yeasts can reproduce? What is the most common?

A

Sporulation, budding, or fission.

Most common - budding

52
Q

Budding yeasts, such as Saccharomyces divide ________.

A

unevenly.

53
Q

In budding, the parent cell forms a ________ on its outer surface. As the bud elongates, the parent cell’s nucleus divides, and one nucleus migrates into the bud. Cell wall material is then laid down between the bud and parent cell, and the bud eventually breaks away

A

protuberance

54
Q

Yeasts can use ________ or an ________ ______as the final electron acceptor and as a result they can survive in various environments.

A

oxygen, organic compound

55
Q

Yeasts are capable of what type of growth.

A

facultative anaerobic

56
Q

If given access to oxygen, yeasts perform aerobic respiration to metabolize carbohydrates to _______ and _________

A

carbon dioxide and water.

57
Q

If yeasts are denied oxygen, they ferment carbohydrates, and produce ________ and _________. This fermentation is used in the brewing, wine making, and baking industries.

A

ethanol and carbon dioxide

58
Q

This organism is a combination of a green alga (or a cyanobacterium) and a fungus

A

Lichen

59
Q

Lichens are placed in the Domain Fungi and are classified according to the fungal partner, most often an ___________.

A

ascomycete

60
Q

Lichen is an example of what kind of relationship?

A

Mutualistic relationship (each partner benefits)

61
Q

Approximately 13,500 species of lichens occupy quite diverse habitats. Because they can inhabit areas in which neither fungi nor algae could survive alone, lichens are often the first life forms to colonize _________ or _________

A

newly exposed soil or rock.

62
Q

Also found on trees, concrete structures, and rooftops, ________ are some of the slowest-growing organisms on Earth.

A

lichens

63
Q

Lichens secrete ______ _____ that chemically weather rock, and they accumulate nutrients needed for plant growth.

A

organic acids

64
Q

Lichens can be grouped into three morphological categories which are:

A

Crustose lichens
Foliose lichens
Fruticose lichens

65
Q

What type of lichens grow flush or encrusting onto the substratum.

A

Crustose

66
Q

What type of lichen are lichens are more leaf-like?

A

Foliose

67
Q

What type of lichens have fingerlike projections?

A

Fruticose

68
Q

The lichen’s thallus, or body, forms when fungal hyphae grow around algal cells to become the ___________.

A

medulla.

69
Q

Fungal hyphae also form a ______, or protective covering, over the algal layer and sometimes under it as well. The fungus clearly benefits from this association.

A

cortex

70
Q

Populations of lichens readily incorporate ________ into their thalli. Therefore, the concentrations and types of _________ in the atmosphere can be determined by chemical analysis of lichen thalli. In addition, the presence or absence of species that are quite sensitive to pollutants can be used to ascertain air quality.

A

cations, cations

71
Q

They are mostly aquatic, although some are found in soil or on trees when sufficient moisture is available there. _______ are familiar as the large brown kelp in coastal waters, the green scum in a puddle, and the green stains on soil or on rocks.

A

Algae

72
Q

In algae, _______ is necessary for physical support, reproduction, and the diffusion of nutrients.

A

water

73
Q

The body of a multicellular alga is called _______.

A

thallus.

74
Q

Thalli of the larger multicellular algae, those commonly called _________, consist of branched holdfasts (which anchor the alga to a rock), stem like and often hollow stripes, and leaf like blades

A

seaweeds

75
Q

The cells covering the thallus of algae can carry out __________.

A

photosynthesis.

76
Q

What part of the algae absorb nutrients from the water?

A

entire surface

77
Q

some algae are also buoyed by a floating, gas filled bladder called a __________

A

pneumatocyst.

78
Q

Do algae reproduce sexually, asexually or both

A

both

79
Q

When a unicellular alga divides, its nucleus divides (mitosis), and the two nuclei move to opposite parts of the cell. The cell then divides into two complete cells which is called.

A

cytokinesis

80
Q

In some species, asexual reproduction may occur for several generations and then, under different conditions, the same species reproduce sexually. Other species alternate generations so that the offspring resulting from sexual reproduction reproduce asexually, and the next generation then reproduces sexually.

A

FYI

81
Q

Algae are __________and are therefore found throughout the photic (light zone) of bodies of water

A

photoautotrophs

82
Q

___________ a (a light-trapping pigment) and accessory pigments involved in photosynthesis are responsible for the distinctive colors of many algae.

A

Chlorophyll

83
Q

______ a thickener used in many foods (such as ice cream or cake decorations), is extracted from the cell walls of brown algae. _______is also used in the production of a wide variety of nonfood goods, including rubber tires and hand lotion.

A

Algin, Algin

84
Q

Unicellular or filamentous algae with complex cell walls that consist of pectin and a layer of silica. Two two parts of the wall fit together like the halves of a Petri dish.

A

Diatoms

85
Q

Diatoms can be identified by

A

distinctive patterns in their walls

86
Q

Diatoms store energy captured through photosynthesis in the form of _____.

A

oil

87
Q

These are unicellular algae collectively called plankton, or free-floating organisms. Their rigid structure is due to cellulose embedded in the plasma membrane. Some of them produce neurotoxins. In the last 20
years, a worldwide increase in toxic marine algae has killed millions of fish, hundreds of marine mammals, and even some humans.

A

Dinoglagellates

88
Q

When fish swim through large numbers of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve, the algae trapped in the gills of the fish release a neurotoxin that stops the fish from breathing. Dinoflagellates in the genus ___________ produce neurotoxins (called saxitoxins) that cause___________________.
The toxin is concentrated when large numbers of dinoflagellates are eaten by mollusks, such as mussels or clams. Humans who eat these mollusks develop PSP. Large concentrations of Alexandrium give the ocean a deep _____ color, from which the name _____ ______ originates. Mollusks should not be harvested for consumption during this. A disease called ______ occurs when the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus passes up the food chain and is concentrated in large fish.

A

Alexandrium, paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), red, red tide, ciguatera

89
Q

Algae are an important part of any aquatic food chain because they fix ______ _______ into molecules that can be consumed by chemoheterotrophs.

A

carbon dioxide

90
Q

Using the energy produced in photophosphorylation, algae convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere into ___________. ______ ________ is a by-product of their photosynthesis

A

carbohydrates. Molecular oxygen

91
Q

The top few meters of any body-water contain _______ algae

A

planktonic

92
Q

As 75% of the Earth is covered with water, it is estimated that 80% of the Earth’s oxygen is produced by ________ algae.

A

planktonic

93
Q

periodic increases in numbers of planktonic algae are called ______ ______.

A

algal blooms.

94
Q

These are unicellular, eukaryotic chemoheterotrophic organisms, which inhabit in water and soil. Some are part of the normal microbiota of animals.

A

protozoa

95
Q

Of the nearly 20,000 species of protozoa, _______ cause disease.

A

relatively few

96
Q

How do protozoa reproduce?

A

asexually by fission, budding, or multiple fission. Sexually has also been observed

97
Q

Protozoa reproduce asexually by fission, budding, or multiple fission, which is called __________

A

schizogony

98
Q

the nucleus undergoes multiple divisions before the cell divides. After many nuclei are formed, a small portion of cytoplasm concentrates around each nucleus, and then the single cell separates into daughter cells.

A

schizogony

99
Q

unicellular, eukaryotic chemoheterotrophic organisms, which inhabit in water and soil

A

Protozoa

100
Q

Of the nearly 20,000 species of protozoa, relatively few cause disease or most cause disease?

A

few

101
Q

The ciliates such as Paramecium, reproduce sexually by _________ which is different than the bacterial one.

A

conjugation

102
Q

two cells fuse, and a haploid nucleus (micronucleus) from each cell migrates to the other cell.

A

protozoan conjugation

103
Q

Under certain adverse conditions, some protozoa produce a protective capsule called a _______.

A

cyst.

104
Q

A cyst permits the organism to survive when food, moisture, or oxygen is lacking, when temperatures are not suitable, or when toxic chemicals are present. A cyst also enables a parasitic species to survive outside a host.

A

FYI

105
Q

Are protozoa mostly chemotrophs, autotrophs, or heterotrophs? Aerobic or anaerobic

A

Aerobic heterotrophs, although many intestinal protozoa are capable of anaerobic growth

106
Q

All protozoa live in areas with large supply of _______.

A

water

107
Q

Some protozoa transport food across the _____ ______.

A

plasma membrane

108
Q

Some protozoa have protective covering, or ______, and thus require specialized structures to take in food.

A

pellicle

109
Q

Ciliates take food by waving their cilia toward a mouthlike opening called a ________

A

cytostome.

110
Q

_________ engulf food by surrounding it with pseudopods and phagocytizing it.

A

Amoebas

111
Q

In all protozoa, digestion takes place in membrane-enclosed ________, and waste may be eliminated through the plasma membrane or a specialized anal pore.

A

vacuoles

112
Q

Slime Molds have both fungal and amoebal characteristics and are probably more closely related to _________.

A

amoeba.

113
Q

What are the two phyla of slime molds

A

cellular and plasmidial

114
Q

What phyla of slime mold are typical eukaryotic cells that resemble amoebas

A

cellular

115
Q

What phyla of slime mold exist as a mass of protoplasm with many nuclei? This mass of protoplasm is called a _______.

A

plasmodial, plasmodium.

116
Q

These are parasitic animals that spend part of their lives in humans

A

Helminths

117
Q

What are 2 phyla of helmithes?

A

Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Nematoda (roundworms)

118
Q

These are animals characterized by segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs.

A

arthropods

119
Q

Although not microbes themselves, they can transmit microbial diseases through blood suction. Arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms are called ________.

A

vectors.

120
Q

What are 3 types of arthropods?

A

Arachnida (eight legs): spiders, mites, ticks Crustacea (four antennae): crabs, crayfish
Insecta (six legs): bees, flies, lice

Microbiology LFS 261 (17 decks)

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