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Human Anatomy > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

Joints

1
Q

Joints serve what purpose?

A

holds bones together, permits movement

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2
Q

What are the 3 kinds of points of contact for joints?

A

Between
1. Bone and Bone
2. Cartilage and Bone
3. Teeth and Bones

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3
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of Joints?

A
  1. Synarthrosis
  2. Amphiarthrosis
  3. Diarthrosis
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4
Q

What is meant by Sympharthrosis?

A

an immovable jiont

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5
Q

What is meant by Amphiarthrosis?

A

a slightly moveable joint

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6
Q

What is meant by Diarthrosis?

A

a moveable joint

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7
Q

Current joint nomenclature is based on what?

A

Structural Classification

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8
Q

What are the 2 ways bones connect to form joints?

A
  1. Via solid masses of CT
  2. Via CT capsule that surrounds lubricated cavity
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9
Q

What is the term for a moveable joint?

A

Diarthrosis

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of joints that connect bones via solid CT masses

A
  1. Fibrous Joints
  2. Catrtilaginous Joints
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11
Q

What is the term for an immovable joint?

A

Synarthrosis

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12
Q

the CT Masses that form Fibrous Joints area made of what CT?

A

Dense Irregular CT

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13
Q

What are the kinds of Synovial Joints? (6)

A
  1. Planar
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Condyloid
  5. Saddle
  6. Ball and Socket
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14
Q

What is the term for a slightly moveable joint?

A

Amphiarthrosis

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15
Q

Ligaments bind what to what?

A

Bone to Bone

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16
Q

What is a sprain?

A

twisting of a joint
stretches or tears in ligament
no dislocation
-ankle or lower back

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of Sprains?

A
  1. Grade I
  2. Grade II
  3. Grae III
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18
Q

What type of connective tissue is composed of strong bands connecting bone to bone?

A

Ligaments

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19
Q

What Sprain Grade is characterized by a 20-75% tear?

A

Grade II

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20
Q

What Sprain Grade is characterized by a stretch to a 20% tear?

A

Grade I

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21
Q

What Sprain Grade is characterized by a 75% to a complete tear

A

Grade III

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22
Q

What is a strain?

A

an overstretched or partial tear - less serious

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23
Q

Strains often occur when…

A

a muscle contracts suddenly

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of Fibrous Joints?

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Syndesmoses
  3. Interosseous Membranes
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25
Q

Articulating bones held by solid mass of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Fibrous Joints

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26
Q

Synostosis

A

bony joint

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27
Q

Which of the Fibrous Joints is characterized by joints with irregular and interlocking edges?

A

Suture

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28
Q

Which of the Fibrous Joints is characterized by connecting bones w a ligament?

A

Syndesmoses

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29
Q

What is the term for an articulation between the distal fibula and the fibular notch of tibia?

A

Distal Tibiofibular Joint

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30
Q

What is the term for a joint anchoring the root of teeth to its socket?

A

Gomphosis

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31
Q

Which of the Fibrous Joints is characterized by large sheets of Dense Irregular CT connecting bones?

A

Interosseous Membranes

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32
Q

What level of mobility does the Suture Fibrous Joint allow for?

A

Immovable to slightly moveable

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33
Q

What level of mobility does the Interosseous Membrane Fibrous Joint allow for?

A

Slight movement

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34
Q

Interosseous Membranes connect what bones?

A

Tibia to Fibula
Radius to Ulna

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35
Q

True or false: both fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints have synovial cavities.

A

False

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36
Q

What level of mobility do Cartilaginous Joints allow for?

A

little to no movement

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37
Q

What are the 3 kinds of Cartilaginous Joints?

A
  1. Synchondroses
  2. Symphyses
  3. Epiphyseal Cartilages
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38
Q

What is the connecting material of Synchondroses Cart Joints?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

39
Q

What level of mobility do Syndroses Joints allow for?

A

slightly moveable to immoveable

40
Q

Synchondroses cartilaginous joints

A

a joint in which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage

41
Q

What is the term for a joint in which the bones are connected by flat disc of fibrocartilage?

A

Symphyses Cart Joint

42
Q

Symphyses Cartilage Joints are connected by ____ ____ of _____, but are have end bones covered in ____ ____.

A

Flat Disc Fibrocartilage; Hyaline Cartilage

43
Q

What level of mobility do Symphyses Cart Joints allow for?

A

Slightly Moveable

44
Q

Which of the 3 Cartilaginous Joints is characterized by bones being united by Hyaline Cartilage?

A

Synchondroses Cart joints

45
Q

Symphyses Cartilaginous Joints are found in mainly what area of the body?

A

Midline of body

46
Q

What are 2 examples of structures that use Symphyses Cartilaginous Joints?

A
  1. Pubis Symphysis
  2. Manubrium
47
Q

Which of the 3 main kinds of cartilage is considered the growth centre?

A

Epiphyseal Cart joints

48
Q

What is the connecting material associated with Epiphyseal Joints?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

49
Q

What level of mobility do Epiphyseal Cart Joints allow for?

A

None; immoveable

50
Q

What is an example of Epiphyseal Cartilage in the body

A

Epiphyseal Plates - located beneath the Epiphysis/Head of long bones
(located where the anatomical neck is)

51
Q

What is the function of an Epiphyseal Cartilage

A

It is a growth plate
- eventually ossifies with maturity
-this leaves solid bone; epiphyseal closure

52
Q

What is a Synovial Joint?

A

A fully moveable joint in which the a cavity is present between the two articulating bones

53
Q

What is the cavity between two articulating bones known as?

A

Synovial Cavity

54
Q

Synovial Cavity is filled with what?

A

Synovial Fluid

55
Q

What is the function of Synovial Fluid? (2)

A

-Lubrication
-Shock Absorption

56
Q

What is the Synovial Fluid composed of? (2)

A
  • Hyaluronic Acid
  • Interstitial Fluid
57
Q

What is the Synovial Cavity surrounded by?

A

The Articular Capsule; CT

58
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

59
Q

What is kind of Cartilage is the Articular Cartilage?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

60
Q

What is the term for the Fibrous Envelope that encloses a Synovial Joint?

A

the Articular Capsule

61
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Articular Capsule?

A
  1. Fibrous Membrane
  2. Synovial Membrane
62
Q

The Fibrous Membrane of the Articular Capsule is composed mainly of what?

A

Mainly Collagen

63
Q

What are the structures that are superficial to the joint/articular capsule, protecting articular cartilages

A

Fat Pads

64
Q

LECTURE 15 & 16

A
65
Q

What is the Bursae?

A

A fluid-filled saclike extension of the Joint Capsule

66
Q

The Bursae does what?

A

reduce friction between moving structures

67
Q

What is Bursitis?

A

chronic inflammation of a bursa

68
Q

What is the term for tube-like bursae that wrap around tendons?

A

Tendon Sheaths

69
Q

Tendon Sheaths are found where?

A

Ankle and Wrists - where many tendons come together in confined space

70
Q

The surgical repair of a joint is known as what?

A

Athroplasty

71
Q

What is another term used for Synovial Joints?

A

Diarthroses

72
Q

What kind of movement do Plane Joints exhibit?

A

Side to side
Back and forth
+ some rotation

73
Q

What are examples of Plane Joints?

A
  • Intercarpal or intertarsal joints
  • Sternoclavicular joint
  • Acromioclavicular joints
  • Sternocostal joints
  • Vertebrocostal joints
74
Q

What kind of movement do Hinge Joints exhibit?

A

-Flexion
-Extension

75
Q

What is the type of bone in which a convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone?

A

Hinge Joint

76
Q

What does “Monaxial” mean?

A

movement in one plane; elbow, ankle

77
Q

What are some examples of Hinge Joint locations?

A
  • knee
    -elbow
    -ankle
78
Q

What is a Hinge Joint?

A

Where one convex bone fits into a concave second bone

79
Q

What kind of movement do Pivot Joints exhibit?

A

rotation around its own longitudinal axis

80
Q

What are examples of Pivotal Joint locations?

A

-proximal/distal radioulnar joint
-atlanto-axial joint

81
Q

What is a Condyloid Joint?

A

an oval-shaped projection that fits into a oval depression

82
Q

What is meant by biaxial?

A

movement in 2 planes

83
Q

What kind of movement do Condyloid Joints exhibit?

A

-flexion/extension
-abduction/adduction

84
Q

What are examples of condyloid joint locations?

A

Wrist
metacarpophalangeal joints for 2-5 digits

85
Q

What is a Saddle Joint?

A

where one bone is saddle shaped and the other fits into it

86
Q

What kind of movement do Saddle Joints exhibit?

A

-flexion/extension
-adduction/abduction
-limited circumduction

87
Q

What is an example of a Saddle Joint?

A

carpometacarpal joint

88
Q

What is a Ball and Socket joint?

A

where a ball shape fits into a cup-like depression

89
Q

What kind of movement do Ball and Socket Joints exhibit?

A

-flexion/extension
-abduction/adduction
-rotation
+ circumduction

90
Q

What are examples of Ball and Socket Joints?

A

-shoulder joint
-hip joint

91
Q

What factors affect ROM?

A
  • shape / structure of articulating bones
    -strength/tension of joint ligaments
    -arrangement/tension of muscles
    -contact of soft parts
    -hormones
    -disuse
92
Q

Why do joints degenerate as we age?

A

-decrease in synovial fluid production
-thinning of articular cartilage
-shortening/loss of flexibility of ligaments

93
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

A jointdisease; inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in deformities

94
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

A joint disease; inflammation of the bones and joints

Human Anatomy (10 decks)

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