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Human Anatomy > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

Muscles

1
Q

4 Functions of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Produce Body Movements
  2. Stabilize Body Positions
  3. Storage/Movements of substances
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2
Q

3 Properties of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Electrical Excitability
  2. Contractility
  3. Extensibility
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3
Q

What are the 3 kinds of Muscle Tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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4
Q

Which of the 3 Muscle Tissues ISN’T striated?

A

Smooth Muscle

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5
Q

What is the location of Smooth Muscle?

A

-attached to hair follicles in skin
-in walls of hollow organs

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6
Q

What is the location of Skeletal Muscle?

A

-attaches to bone, skin, or fascia

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7
Q

What is the location of Cardiac Muscle?

A

Heart

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8
Q

Which of the Muscle Types exhibits voluntary control?

A

Skeletal

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9
Q

Each skeletal muscle is made up of what?

A

Fascicles

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10
Q

The Fascicles of each skeletal muscle contains what? (3)

A
  1. Muscle Fibres
  2. Blood Vessels
  3. Nerves
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11
Q

Muscle Belly connect by ______ to skeleton

A

Tendons

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12
Q

What is Aponeurosis

A

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone

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13
Q

Rank the levels of organization of Skeletal Muscle?

A

Muscle > Fascicle > Muscle Fiber > Myofibril > Myofilament

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14
Q

What is the kind of CT that wraps the entire muscle?

A

Epimysium

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15
Q

What is the kind of CT that wraps the Fascicle?

A

Perimysium

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16
Q

What is the kind of CT that wraps the Muscle Fibre?

A

Endomysium

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17
Q

Skeletal muscle fibres vary in their contents of what? (3)

A
  1. Myoglobin
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Capillaries
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18
Q

More Myoglobin, more capillaries and more mitochondria results in what pigment?

A

Red pigment

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19
Q

Less Myoglobin, and less capillaries results in what pigment?

A

White Pigment

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20
Q

Muscles can be fast or slow depending on what?

A

How fast Myosin ATPase hydrolyzes ATP

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21
Q

What are the 3 classifications of Muscle Fibers?

A
  1. Type 1; Slow Oxidative
  2. Tybe 2a; Fast Oxidatice-Glycolytic
  3. Type 2b; Fast Glycolytic
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22
Q

Slow Oxidative Fibers are ____ in diameter

A

smallest in diameter

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23
Q

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic fibers are ____ in diameter

A

larger/intermediate in diameter

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24
Q

Fast Glycolytic Fibers are ____ in diameter

A

Largest in diameter

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25
Q

Fast Glycolytic Fibers are used for what?

A

rapid intense movements of short duration
- throwing ball, weight lifting

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26
Q

Fast oxidative-glycolytic are used for what?

A

walking, sprinting

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27
Q

Slow oxidative fibers are used for what?

A

fatigue resistance
-posture maintenance
-marathon running

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28
Q

the pigment of a Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fiber is…

A

slight red

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29
Q

the pigment of a Fast Glycolytic Fiber is..

A

White

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30
Q

the pigment of a Slow Oxidative Fiber is…

A

Red

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31
Q

Rank the muscle fibers from high ATP generation to low

A

SO, FOG, FG

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32
Q

Rank the muscle fibers from slow to fast rates of contraction

A

SO, FOG, FG

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33
Q

Rank the muscle fibers from high to low resistance to fatigue

A

SO, FOG, FG

34
Q

Which of the 3 muscle fibers uses ATP slowly?

A

SO

35
Q

True or false: most muscles contain a mixture of all 3 fiber types?

A

True

36
Q

The proportion of each muscle fiber type in muscles depend on what 3 factors?

A
  1. Action of muscle
  2. Training regime
  3. Genetics
37
Q

Postural Neck and Back Muscles primarily contain what kind of fibers?

A

Type 1; Slow Oxidative Fibers

38
Q

Shoulder and Arm Muscles contain what kind of fibers?

A

all 3; SO, FOG, FG

39
Q

Leg muscles contain what kind of muscle fibers?

A

-mainly Type 1; SO -
but all 3 : SO, FOG, FG
-

40
Q

Slide 12

A
41
Q

What are the effects of Anabolic Steroids?

A

Increases in;
-Muscle Size
-Strength
-Endurance

42
Q

What are the serious side effects of Anabolic Steroid use?

A
  • liver damage
  • kidney damage
  • heart disease
  • mood swings
  • facial hair, voice deepening in females
  • testicular atrophy, baldness in men
43
Q

What are the 2 kinds of Smooth Muscles/

A
  1. Visceral / Single unit
  2. Multiunit
44
Q

Describe Visceral Smooth Muscle composition

A

-large sheets wrapping around walls of hollow viscera & small viscera

45
Q

Describe Multiunit Smooth Muscle composition

A

individual fibers with their own motor neuron ending

46
Q

What causes Visceral smooth muscles to contract in unison?

A

Gap Junctions

47
Q

Which of the 2 types of Smooth Muscles are Autorhythmic?

A

Visceral / Single Unit

48
Q

Where are Multiunit Smooth Muscles found?

A

large arteries, large airways
(arrector pilli muscles, iris & ciliary)

49
Q

How many skeletal muscles are there?

A

700

50
Q

What is meant by Muscle Belly?

A

The main body of muscle

51
Q

What is the term for the fixed point in which muscles make bones move/pivot around?

A

Fulcrum

52
Q

What is the term for the weight of a body part/object

A

Resistance/Load

53
Q

What is the term for the work done by the muscle contraction?

A

Effort

54
Q

What determines if a lever works at a mechanical advantage or disadantage (ratio of load:effort)

A

the relative positions of Effort, Load, and Fulcrum along the Lever

55
Q

What circumstances result in a Mechanical Advantage?

A

-Load is closer to Fulcrum
-Effort is further from Fulcrum

-Small effort is required to move the load over large distance

56
Q

What is a Fulcrum?

A

The fixed point in which a bone pivots around due to muscle action

57
Q

What circumstances result in a Mechanical Disadvantage?

A

-Load is further from Fulcrum
-Effort is closer to Fulcrum

-Large effort required to move small load

58
Q

Between Mechanical Advantage and Disadvantage, which facours speed and ROM force?

A

Mechanical Disadvantage

59
Q

Between Mechanical Advantage and Disadvantage, which sacrifices speed for force?

A

Mechanical Advantage

60
Q

What are the 3 types of Levers?

A

1st Class Lever
2nd Class Lever
3rd Class Lever

61
Q

Which is the most common of the 3 levers in the body?

A

3rd Class Lever

62
Q

Which of the 3 levers ALWAYS produce a Mechanical Disadvantage?

A

3rd Class lever

63
Q

Why would a lever produce a Mechanical Disadvantage?

A

because the Effort is closer to the Fucrum than the load is.

64
Q

Why would a lever produce a Mechanical Advantage?

A

because the Load is closer to the Fucrum than the Effort is.

65
Q

In terms of a 1st class lever, what determines whether its at a Mechanical Advantage or Disadvantage?

A

Whether the Load is closer to the Fulcrum

66
Q

What is an example of a 1st class lever? What acts as the load, the fulcrum, and the effort?

A

Head Resting on Vertebral Column

Load: weight of face
Fulcrum: Joint b/w skull & atlas
Effort: posterior neck region

67
Q

What is an example of a 2nd class lever? What acts as the load, the fulcrum, and the effort?

A

Standing on Tippie Toes

Load: body weight
Fulcrum: ball of foot
Effort: calf muscle contracting ; pulls heel off floor

68
Q

What is an example of a 3rd class lever? What acts as the Resistance, the fulcrum, and the effort?

A

Flexor Muscles at the Elbow

Resistor: weight in hand
Fulcrum: elbow joint
Effort: contraction of bicep brachii

69
Q

Explain “Opposing Pairs”

A

Muscles often come in pairs working against each other
-while one muscle contracts, the other relaxes

70
Q

What about a 2nd class lever results in its Mechanical Advantage?

A

its Load being closer to the Fulcrum than its Effort is?

71
Q

What about a 3rd class lever results in its Mechanical Disadvantage?

A

its Effort being closer to the Fulcrum than its Load

72
Q

In each “Opposing Pair” there are each of the following roles:

A
  1. Prime Mover / Agonist
  2. Antagonist
73
Q

The Prime Mover / Agonist does what?

A

Contracts to cause action

74
Q

The Antagonist does what?

A

relaxes and stretches in response to agonist stretching

75
Q

What are the 2 kinds of muscles that act as supporters to the opposing pair?

A
  1. Synergists
    2/ FIxators
76
Q

What are Synergists?

A

Muscles that assist the prime mover/agonist, through stabilization

77
Q

What are FIxators?

A

Muscles that stabilize the origin/body part from which the prime mover originates
(hold origin steady)

78
Q

Skeletal Muscle DIRECTION is named based on what

A

orientation of fascicles relative to
midline

79
Q

“Rectus” in terms of directional nomenclature of skeletal muscle refers to what?

A

parallel to midline

80
Q

Skeletal Muscle LOCATION is named based on what

A

the structure near which a muscle is found

81
Q

Skeletal Muscle ORIGIN & INSERTION is named based on what

A

Sites where muscle originates and inserts

ex: sternocleidomastoid: origin on sternum & clavicle // inserts on mastoid process of temporal bone

Human Anatomy (10 decks)

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