Lecture 14 Flashcards
What is the order of the general flow through the cardiovascular system?
Veins - Venules - Capillaries - Arterioles - Muscular Arteries - Elastic Arteries - Heart
Arteries carry blood from…
Heart to Tissue
Veins carry blood from…
Tissue to Heart
The basic Blood Vessel structure is composed of how many layered walls?
3
What are the 3 layered walls that make up a blood vessel?
- Tunica Interna
- Tunica Media
- Tunica Externa
Which layer of the blood vessel lines directly contacts the blood?
Tunica Interna
What are the layers of the Tunica Interna?
- Endothelium
- Basement Membrane
- Internal Elastic Lamina
What are the layers of the Tunica Media?
- Circular Smooth Muscle
- External Elastic Lamina
What is the Tunica Externa composed of? (4)
- Elastic Fibers
- Collagen Fibers
- Nerves
- Vasa Vasorum
What is meant by Vasa Vasorum?
Vessels of the Vessels
-small bv that supply O2 & nutrients to the walls of larger vessels
What is the “Lumen”?
The hollow centre of blood vessels through which blood flows
What are the 4 kinds of Arteries?
- Elastic Arteries
- Muscular Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
What is Microcirculation?
the flow of blood from an arteriole to a venule through a capillary bed
What are the 3 types of Capillaries?
- Continuous Capillaries
- Fenestrated Capillaries
- Sinusoids
Which of the kinds of capillaries is characterized by an incomplete basement membrane?
the Sinusoid Capillary
Which of the kinds of capillaries is characterized by the presence of small pores?
the Fenestrated Capillary
Which of the kinds of capillaries is characterized by a plasma membrane with intercellular clefts?
the Continuous Capillary
Where are Continuous Capillaries found?
-In Skeletal and Smooth Connective Tissues
-In Lungs
Which of the kinds of Capillaries represent the majority of capillaries?
the Continuous Capillary
Where are Fenestrated found located?
-Kidneys
-Small intestines
-Choroid Plexus
-Ciliary Process
-Endocrine Glands
Where are Sinusoid Capillaries found?
-Liver
-Bone Marrow
-Spleen
-Anterior Pituitary
-Parathyroid Gland
What are Venules?
Small veins that collect blood from capillaries
Venules and Veins are similar in what aspcts?
Size and Structure
Veins walls are _____ than Artery walls
thinner
Veins lack what? (2)
- Internal Elastic Lamina
- External Elastic Lamina
Which have thinner walls, Veins or Arteries?
Veins
Why do veins have thinner walls?
The Tunica Media of Veins have less Muscle
Many Veins, especially in the limbs contain what?
Valves
The Valves in certain Veins have what kind of a structure?
Thin folds of the Tunica Interna
What is the purpose of Valves in certain Veins?
They prevent backflow
Venous Blood moves back to the Heart through venous system via what 3 mechanisms?
- Pumping action of the Heart
- Contraction of Skeletal Muscles of the Lower Limbs
- Valves
What are Varicose Veins?
abnormally swollen, twisted superficial veins with defective valves
Where are Varicose Veins most often found?
In the Legs
What is the cause of Varicose Veins?
Leaky Venous Valves
(prolonged standing or pregnancy)
What issues do Varicose Veins cause?
-Allows backflow & blood pooling
-Extra pressure forces fluid into surrounding tissue
-Inflammation of Tissues
Why are deep veins not susceptible to becoming varicose?
They are supported by surrounding muscles
What is Systemic Circulation?
Circulation that supplies blood to the whole body except to the lungs
All Systemic Arteries brach from what?
The Aorta
All systemic arteries and veins drain into what 3 possible parts of the heart?
- Superior Vena Cava
- Inferior Vena Cava
- Coronary Sinus
What is the strongest chamber of the heart?
The Left Ventricle
The Superior Vena Cava drains blood from…
from the Upper Part of the Body
What is the largest artery in the body?
The Aorta
What is the function of Systemic Veins?
They return Deoxy’d blood back to the heart
The Inferior Vena Cava drains blood from…
from the Lower Part of the Body
The Coronary Sinus drains blood from…
from the Hearts own Tissue
What is the destination for blood flowing through Systemic Veins?
These veins bring deoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart, then sent to the lungs to get reoxygenated
What is the composition and function of Systemic Branches?
- They are all Arteries that extend from the Aorta
-They supply blood to the arms, head, lower limbs, and internal organs
The Aorta receives blood from which chamber of the heart?
The Left Ventricle
What is the source of Oxygen for Systemic Branches?
The oxygen delivered comes from the Lungs
Once the blood of Systemic Brached Arteries is oxygenated, what happens next
After blood gets Oxy’d, it is then pumped out by the Left Ventricle through the Aorta
What are the 4 Divisions of the Aorta?
- Ascending Aorta
- Arch of Aorta
- Thoracic Aorta
- Abdominal Aorta
What are the main branches of the Ascending Aorta - and what do they supply to?
The 2 Coronary Arteries
- supply blood to the Myocardium
What are the main branches of the Arch of Aorta? (5)
- Brachiocephalic Trunk
- Left Subclavian & Left common Carotid A
- Vertebral A
- Axillary, Brachial, Radial, Ulnar A
- Superficial & Deep Palmar Arches
What are the main branches of the Thoracic Aorta?
Visceral and Parietal branches
What are the main branches of the Abdominal Aorta?
- Cephalic Trunk
- Superior Mesenteric A
- Inferior Mesenteric A
- Renal A
- Gonadal A
After the 4 divisions of the Aorta deliver blood to their designated destinations, what happens to the blood that is delivered?
The blood is then deoxygenated and return via Veins, back to the heart and empty into the superior or inferior vena cava and drains into the right atrium (then blood is sent to lungs to be rexoxy’d)
The Thoracic Aorta begins where (position wise)?
at the Intervertebral disc between T4 and T5
The Pelvic Viscera, and Lower Extremities are supplied with blood by what division of the Aorta?
The Abdominal Aorta
The Organs within the Thorax are supplied with blood by what division of the Aorta?
The Thoracic Aorta
The Myocardium is supplied with blood by what division of the Aorta?
the Ascending Aorta
the Cephalic Trunk branch of the Abdominal Aorta supplies blood to what parts?
Liver, Stomach Spleen and Pancreas
the Superior Mesenteric Artery branch of the Abdominal Aorta supplies blood to what part?
Intestines; from duodenum to transverse colon
the Inferior Mesenteric Artery of the Abdominal Aorta supplies blood to what part?
Intestines; from transverse colon to the rectum
the Renal Artery branch of the Abdominal Aorta supplies blood to what part?
Kidneys
the Gonodal Artery branch of the Abdominal Aorta supplies blood to what parts?
Ovaries in females
Testes in men
The 2 divisions of the Brachiocephalic branch of the Arch of Aorta supplies blood to what part?
Right Common Carotid - Right side of Head & Neck
Right Subclavian - Right Arm
The 2 divisions of the Left Subclavian and Left Common Carotid branch of the Arch of Aorta supplies blood to what part?
Left Subclavian- Left side of the Head and Neck
Left Common Carotid- Left arm
The Vertebral Artery brach branch of the Arch of Aorta supplies blood to what part?
The base of the brain
The branches of the Thoracic Aorta supplies blood to what parts?
The Thorax and Chest Wall
The Abdominal Aorta splits into what? at which level of the vertebra?
It splits into the Left and Right Common Iliac Arteries
at the 4th lumbar vertebra
The left and right common carotid arteries of the Abdominal Aorta, supplies blood to what?
The Lower Limbs
What are the Arteries of the Lower Extremity?
L & R External Iliac Arteries
L & R Internal Iliac Arteries
Of the Arteries of the Lower Extremity, which supplies the Pelvic Viscera?
Left and Right Internal Iliac A.
External Iliac arteries become what kind of arteries once it passes into thigh?
the Femoral Arteries
Femoral Artery becomes ______ which then bifurcates into ______ _____ __
Popliteal A. ; Anterior & Posterior Tibial A.
The external iliac arteries transition into the femoral arteries when it passes under what?
the Inguinal Ligament
What is the continuation of the Anterior Tibial Artery that extends on to the Dorsum of the Foot?
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
What is the continuation of the Posterior Tibial Artery that extends on to the Plantar SUrface of the Foot?
Planter Arteries (medial and lateral)
Veins of the Systemic Circulation drain blood from the entire body to…
The Heart
What side of the heart do veins of systemic circulation return blood to?
The Right Side
True or False: Deep Veins are parallel to the Arteries of that region
True
What veins drain the Head and Neck into the Superior Vena Cava?
External and Internal Jugular Veins
Of the head and neck veins, which drains into the subclavian veins and then into the brachiocephalic veins?
The External Jugular Veins
Of the veins of the head and neck, which 2 drains directly into the brachiocephalic vein?
The Internal Jugular Veins and the Vertebral Veins
What is the Anastomosis of superficial veins?
when superficial veins connect with each other and with deep veins
Which are larger, superficial or deep veins?
Superficial
What are the key superficial veins? (5)
- Cephalic
- Accessory Cephalic
- Basilic
- Median Antebrachial
- Right Median Cubital
What are the key deep veins? (4)
- Radial
- Ulnar
- Brachial
- Axillary
- Subclavian
What is the primary artery supplying blood to the thigh?
The Femoral Artery
Are valves more numerous in deep veins or superficial veins?
Deep Veins
Which of the 2 accompany arteries - Deep veins or Superficial veins?
Deep Veins
Most Thoracic structures are drained by a network of veins called…
the Azygous System
The Azygous System is composed of what kind of veins? (3)
- Azygous Vein
- Hemiazygous Vein
- Accessory Hemiazygous Vein
Blood from the abdominal wall and pelvic viscera return to the heart via what part of the heart?
the Inferior Vena Cava
What are the key veins of the Superficial Veins of the Lower Limbs? (2)
- Great Saphenous
- Small Saphenous
What is the longest vein in the body?
the Great Saphenous vein
What are the key deep veins of the body? (3)
- Posterior/Anterior Tibial Veins
- Popliteal Vein
- Femoral Vein
What is the Hepatic Portal System?
a subdivision of the Systemic Circulatory System composed of Portal Veins and Sinusoids where blood is carried from capillaries in the GI tract to capillaries in the Liver
What is the role of the Portal Veins in the Hepatic Portal Circulatory System?
they transport blood from the GI tract and spleen capillary network, to the liver capillary network
What are Sinusoids and their roles, in the Hepatic Portal Circulatory System?
Sinusoids are capillaries within the liver that receive blood from the portal veins
Hepatic Portal Veins are formed by the union of what? (2)
- Splenic Vein
- Mesenteric Vein
What happens in the Pulmonary Circulatory System?
Deoxygenated blood is collected from the right atrium and is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
What are the 3 main difference between systemic arteries and pulmonary arteries?
- Pulmonary Arteries are larger with thinner walls of elastic tissue
- Pulmonary Circulation operates under lower pressure
- the resistance to flow is low and pulmonary blood pressure is lower
