Lecture 16 Flashcards
What are the main functions of the Respiratory System? (6)
- Gas Exchange
- Blood pH regulation
- Olfaction
- Inspired Air Filtration
- Sound Production
- Water & Heat Excretion
What are the key structures of the Respiratory System?
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchus
- Lungs
The Respiratory System structurally consists of what 2 parts?
- Upper Respiratory Tract
- Lower Respiratory Tract
The Respiratory System functionally consists of what 2 parts?
- Conducting Zone
- Respiratory Zone
What are the 2 main components of the Upper Respiratory Tract?
- Nose
- Pharynx
What are the 4 main components of the Lower Respiratory Tract?
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
State the structures of the Conducting Zone in order. (6)
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal Bronchioles
What is the function of the Conducting Zone?
Filtering, warming, moistening, and conducing air to the lungs
State the structures of the Respiratory Zone in order. (4)
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveolar Ducts
- Alveolar Sacs
- Alveoli
What is the function of the Respiratory Zone?
it is the site at which gas exchange occurs
What are the External Structures of the Nose? (6)
- Frontal Bone
- Nasal Bone
- Maxilla
- Lateral Nasal Cartilages
- Septal Cartilages
- Alar Cartilages
What are the functions of the Interior Structures of the Nose? (6)
- Olfaction
- Smell
- Moistening
- Filtration
- Lightens skull
- Resonates Voice
What are the Internal Structures of the Nose?
- Superior Nasal Concha
- Middle Nasal Concha
- Inferior nasal Concha
- Internal Nares
- Nasal Vestibule
- External Nares
- Olfactory Epithelium
What role does the Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar w/ Goblet Cell play?
- its high vascularity warms the air
-the mucous moistens the air and traps dust - its cilia moves the mucous toward pharynx
What part of the interior structures opens into the nasal cavity?
the Paranasal Sinuses
Where are the Paranasal Sinuses found?
in
1. Ethmoid bone
2. Sphenoid bone
3. Frontal bone
4. Maxillary bone
What is the Pharynx?
-Skeletal muscular tube
-running from the Internal Nares to the Cricoid Cartilage
-lined with mucous membrane
What are the functions of the Pharynx? (3)
- passageway for food and air
- resonation chamber (speech prod)
- Tonsils of their walls protect body entryway
What kind of tissue are tonsils composed of?
Lymphatic Tissue
What are the 3 regions of the Pharynx?
- Oropharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Laryngopharynx
What are the 5 openings of the Nasopharynx?
2 Internal Nares
2 Eustacian Tubes
1 Opening to Oropharynx
What kind of tissue lines the Nasopharynx?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
What structures are contained in the walls of the Nasopharynx? (specific)
Pharyngeal Tonsils
From where to where does the Nasopharynx reach?
from Nasal Cavity to end of Soft Palate
From where to where does the Oropharynx reach?
from the Soft Palate to the Hyoid Bone
What are the openings of the Oropharynx, where do they open from ? (1)
Fauces - from mouth (to oro)
What kind of tissue lines the Oropharynx?
Non-Keratinized, Stratified Squamous Epithelium
What structures are contained in the walls of the Oropharynx?
Palatine Tonsils & Lingual Tonsils
What 2 kinds of functions does the Oropharynx have?
- Digestive Functions
- Respiratory Functions
Which of the Pharynx Regions are a common passageways for food, liquid and air? (2)
the Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx
From where to where does the Laryngopharynx reach?
from the Hyoid Bone to the Cricod Cartilage of larynx/esoph
What kind of tissue lines the Laryngopharynx?
Non Keratinized, Stratified Squamous Epithelium
From where to where does the Trachea extend?
from the Larynx to T41
Is the Trachea posterior or anterior to the Esophagus?
Anterior
The Trachea splits into what?
the Primary Bronchi
What is the Carina?
Point at which the trachea bifurcates into the left and right mainstem bronchi.
What are the 4 layers of the Tracheal wall?
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Fibromusculocartilaginous Layer
- Adventitia
What kind of tissue makes up the Mucosa?
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium w/ Goblet cells
What kind of tissue & structure makes up the Submucosa?
Loose CT and Seromucous Glands
What kind of tissue makes up the Fibromusculocartilaginous Layer?
C-Shaped Hyaline Cartilage Rings
What kind of tissue makes up the Adventitia?
Areolar Connective Tissue
What are the 3 kinds of Bronchi?
- Primary Bronchi
- Secondary Bronchi
- Tertiary Bronchi
What are the Primary Bronchi (and what are the 2 kinds) ?
The 2 main branches from the Trachea that enter the Lungs
- there is a right primary bronchus and a left primary bronchus
What are the Secondary Bronchi?
the small branches of the Primary Bronchi
- right lung has 3 Secondary Bronchi and left lung has 2 Secondary Bronchi
The Secondary Bronchi are also known as what?
Lobar Bronchi
What are the Tertiary Bronchi and what do they do?
The smaller branches that branch off of the Secondary Bronchi
- they supply air to specific segments of lung tissue
The Segments of Lung Tissue that are supplied with air by Tertiary Bronchi, are called what?
Bronchopulmonary Segments
What are Bronchioles?
Progressively smaller branches of the Bronchi that continuously branch off
What are Terminal Bronchioles?
The smallest branches of the bronchioles before the airway reaches the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
The Terminal Bronchioles mark the end of what zone?
the Conducting Zone
As the airways branch into the smaller bronchioles, the amount of __________ decreases and is replaced by _______ _________
Cartilage; Smooth Muscle
Why might the bronchioles collapse during an asthma attack, even if they are not obstructed by mucus?
During an asthma attack, smooth muscles around the bronchioles contract causing airways to narrow. Since bronchioles lack the structural support of cartilage, they may collapse due to pressure of the muscle contraction
List the structures of the Bronchial Tree in order.
Trachea - Primary Bronchi - Secondary Bronchi - Tertiary Bronchi - Bronchioles - Terminal Bronchioles
What is the Histology of the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Bronchi?
Pseudo-stratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cell
What is the Histology of the Larger Bronchioles?
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium with SOME goblet cells
What is the Histology of the Smaller Bronchioles?
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium with NO goblet cells
What is the Histology of the Terminal Bronchioles?
Non-Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium with NO goblet cells
What is the Histology of the Respiratory Bronchioles?
Simple Cuboidal to Simple Squamous Epithelium
What is the Histology of the Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
What is the Visceral Pleura?
The membrane directly covering the surface of the lungs (follows fissures and contours of lungs)
What is the Parietal Pleura?
Outerlayer of Pleural Cavty
- lines inside of ribcage
- lines upper diaphragm surface
What is the Pleural Cavity?
This is the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae filled with pleural fluid.
The Pleural Space allows the lungs to move smoothly against the _________ during _______.
Thorax ; Respiration
What is the role of Pleural Fluid?
It reducing the friction between the pleurae during breathing
The Mediastinal Surface contains a region called what?
the Hilum
What is the concave space on the mediastinal surface of the left lung where the heart lies against the lung?
the Cardiac Notch
What are the deep grooves that divide the lungs into lobes?
Fissures
What is the top part of each lung, situated just beneath the collarbone?
The Apex
What is the outer surface of the lungs that lies against the inner surface of the rib cage?
the Costal Surface
The left lung is divided into which two lobes?
Superior and Inferior Loves
Within the lungs, each secondary bronchus divides into smaller branches known as what?
the Tertiary Bronchi
The right lung has what three lobes?
Superior, Middle, and Inferior lobes
Each lobe of the lung has its own secondary bronchus, also called what?
a Lobar Bronchus
How many Tertiary Bronchi are there in each lung?
10
Each Tertiary Bronchi supplies air to a specific area of lung tissue called what?
Bronchopulmonary Segments
What makes each Bronchopulmonary Segment functionally independent units?
The fact that they all recieve air from their own tertiary bronchus and blood from their own artery
Each Lobule contains clusters of what?
Alveoli
What are the tiny sacs in which gas exchange occurs?
Alveoli
List the Bronchopulmonary Segments in order.
Primary Bronchi (each lung)
Secondary Bronchi (each lobe)
Tertiary Bronchi (each bp seg)
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchiole (each lobule)
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveoli
What are the many compartments of each Bronchopulmonary Segment?
Lobules
Each lobule contains what?
lymphatic vessel, arteriole, venule and a branch from a terminal bronchiole
What kind of cells are Type 1 Alveolar Cells?
Simple Squamous Cells
What occurs at Type 1 Alveolar Cells?
Gas Exchange
What occurs at Type 2 Alveolar Cells?
The secretion of alveolar fluid, containing surfactant
Alveolar Duct Cells are also known as what?
Alveolar Macrophages
What are Alveolar Dust Cells?
immune cells that roam the alveoli and remove particles to keep lungs clean (dust, bacteria, debris)
O2 and CO2 exchange between alveoli air and capillary blood occurs by what and through what?
Diffusion through the Alveolar-Capillary Membrane
The exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs between what?
between the air in Alveoli and the blood in Capillaries
The Alveolar-Capillary Barrier is also known as what?
The Respiratory Membrane
What are the 4 layers of the Respiratory Membrane?
- Alveolar Type 1 Cell Wall
- Alveolar Epithelial Basement Membrane
- Capillary Basement Membrane
- Endothelial Cells of Capillary
The surface area for gas exchange is comprised of how many alveoli?
300 million
Which muscles are involved in inhalation (inspiration) and how do they contribute to pressure changes in the lungs to allow inhalation?
Diaphragm & External Intercostals
They contract to expand the thoracic cavity, decreasing pressure and drawing air into the lungs.
Which muscles are involved in forceful exhalation?
Internal intercostals and Abdominal m.
They contract to reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity and forcefully expel air
Which muscles are involved in normal exhalation, how do they contribute to pressure changes in the lungs to allow exhalation?
Diaphragm and External Intercostals
They relying mainly on elasticity and relaxation of the lungs and thoracic cage rather than muscle contraction
