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Human Anatomy > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the Respiratory System? (6)

A
  1. Gas Exchange
  2. Blood pH regulation
  3. Olfaction
  4. Inspired Air Filtration
  5. Sound Production
  6. Water & Heat Excretion
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2
Q

What are the key structures of the Respiratory System?

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchus
  6. Lungs
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3
Q

The Respiratory System structurally consists of what 2 parts?

A
  1. Upper Respiratory Tract
  2. Lower Respiratory Tract
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4
Q

The Respiratory System functionally consists of what 2 parts?

A
  1. Conducting Zone
  2. Respiratory Zone
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5
Q

What are the 2 main components of the Upper Respiratory Tract?

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
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6
Q

What are the 4 main components of the Lower Respiratory Tract?

A
  1. Larynx
  2. Trachea
  3. Bronchi
  4. Lungs
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7
Q

State the structures of the Conducting Zone in order. (6)

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Bronchi
  5. Bronchioles
  6. Terminal Bronchioles
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8
Q

What is the function of the Conducting Zone?

A

Filtering, warming, moistening, and conducing air to the lungs

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9
Q

State the structures of the Respiratory Zone in order. (4)

A
  1. Respiratory Bronchioles
  2. Alveolar Ducts
  3. Alveolar Sacs
  4. Alveoli
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10
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory Zone?

A

it is the site at which gas exchange occurs

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11
Q

What are the External Structures of the Nose? (6)

A
  1. Frontal Bone
  2. Nasal Bone
  3. Maxilla
  4. Lateral Nasal Cartilages
  5. Septal Cartilages
  6. Alar Cartilages
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12
Q

What are the functions of the Interior Structures of the Nose? (6)

A
  1. Olfaction
  2. Smell
  3. Moistening
  4. Filtration
  5. Lightens skull
  6. Resonates Voice
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12
Q

What are the Internal Structures of the Nose?

A
  1. Superior Nasal Concha
  2. Middle Nasal Concha
  3. Inferior nasal Concha
  4. Internal Nares
  5. Nasal Vestibule
  6. External Nares
  7. Olfactory Epithelium
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12
Q

What role does the Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar w/ Goblet Cell play?

A
  • its high vascularity warms the air
    -the mucous moistens the air and traps dust
  • its cilia moves the mucous toward pharynx
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12
Q

What part of the interior structures opens into the nasal cavity?

A

the Paranasal Sinuses

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13
Q

Where are the Paranasal Sinuses found?

A

in
1. Ethmoid bone
2. Sphenoid bone
3. Frontal bone
4. Maxillary bone

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14
Q

What is the Pharynx?

A

-Skeletal muscular tube
-running from the Internal Nares to the Cricoid Cartilage
-lined with mucous membrane

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15
Q

What are the functions of the Pharynx? (3)

A
  1. passageway for food and air
  2. resonation chamber (speech prod)
  3. Tonsils of their walls protect body entryway
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16
Q

What kind of tissue are tonsils composed of?

A

Lymphatic Tissue

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17
Q

What are the 3 regions of the Pharynx?

A
  1. Oropharynx
  2. Nasopharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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18
Q

What are the 5 openings of the Nasopharynx?

A

2 Internal Nares
2 Eustacian Tubes
1 Opening to Oropharynx

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19
Q

What kind of tissue lines the Nasopharynx?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

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20
Q

What structures are contained in the walls of the Nasopharynx? (specific)

A

Pharyngeal Tonsils

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21
Q

From where to where does the Nasopharynx reach?

A

from Nasal Cavity to end of Soft Palate

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22
Q

From where to where does the Oropharynx reach?

A

from the Soft Palate to the Hyoid Bone

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23
Q

What are the openings of the Oropharynx, where do they open from ? (1)

A

Fauces - from mouth (to oro)

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24
Q

What kind of tissue lines the Oropharynx?

A

Non-Keratinized, Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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25
Q

What structures are contained in the walls of the Oropharynx?

A

Palatine Tonsils & Lingual Tonsils

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26
Q

What 2 kinds of functions does the Oropharynx have?

A
  1. Digestive Functions
  2. Respiratory Functions
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27
Q

Which of the Pharynx Regions are a common passageways for food, liquid and air? (2)

A

the Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx

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28
Q

From where to where does the Laryngopharynx reach?

A

from the Hyoid Bone to the Cricod Cartilage of larynx/esoph

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29
Q

What kind of tissue lines the Laryngopharynx?

A

Non Keratinized, Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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30
Q

From where to where does the Trachea extend?

A

from the Larynx to T41

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31
Q

Is the Trachea posterior or anterior to the Esophagus?

A

Anterior

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32
Q

The Trachea splits into what?

A

the Primary Bronchi

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33
Q

What is the Carina?

A

Point at which the trachea bifurcates into the left and right mainstem bronchi.

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34
Q

What are the 4 layers of the Tracheal wall?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Fibromusculocartilaginous Layer
  4. Adventitia
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35
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the Mucosa?

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium w/ Goblet cells

36
Q

What kind of tissue & structure makes up the Submucosa?

A

Loose CT and Seromucous Glands

37
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the Fibromusculocartilaginous Layer?

A

C-Shaped Hyaline Cartilage Rings

38
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the Adventitia?

A

Areolar Connective Tissue

39
Q

What are the 3 kinds of Bronchi?

A
  1. Primary Bronchi
  2. Secondary Bronchi
  3. Tertiary Bronchi
40
Q

What are the Primary Bronchi (and what are the 2 kinds) ?

A

The 2 main branches from the Trachea that enter the Lungs
- there is a right primary bronchus and a left primary bronchus

41
Q

What are the Secondary Bronchi?

A

the small branches of the Primary Bronchi
- right lung has 3 Secondary Bronchi and left lung has 2 Secondary Bronchi

42
Q

The Secondary Bronchi are also known as what?

A

Lobar Bronchi

43
Q

What are the Tertiary Bronchi and what do they do?

A

The smaller branches that branch off of the Secondary Bronchi
- they supply air to specific segments of lung tissue

44
Q

The Segments of Lung Tissue that are supplied with air by Tertiary Bronchi, are called what?

A

Bronchopulmonary Segments

45
Q

What are Bronchioles?

A

Progressively smaller branches of the Bronchi that continuously branch off

46
Q

What are Terminal Bronchioles?

A

The smallest branches of the bronchioles before the airway reaches the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

47
Q

The Terminal Bronchioles mark the end of what zone?

A

the Conducting Zone

48
Q

As the airways branch into the smaller bronchioles, the amount of __________ decreases and is replaced by _______ _________

A

Cartilage; Smooth Muscle

49
Q

Why might the bronchioles collapse during an asthma attack, even if they are not obstructed by mucus?

A

During an asthma attack, smooth muscles around the bronchioles contract causing airways to narrow. Since bronchioles lack the structural support of cartilage, they may collapse due to pressure of the muscle contraction

50
Q

List the structures of the Bronchial Tree in order.

A

Trachea - Primary Bronchi - Secondary Bronchi - Tertiary Bronchi - Bronchioles - Terminal Bronchioles

51
Q

What is the Histology of the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Bronchi?

A

Pseudo-stratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cell

52
Q

What is the Histology of the Larger Bronchioles?

A

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium with SOME goblet cells

53
Q

What is the Histology of the Smaller Bronchioles?

A

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium with NO goblet cells

54
Q

What is the Histology of the Terminal Bronchioles?

A

Non-Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium with NO goblet cells

55
Q

What is the Histology of the Respiratory Bronchioles?

A

Simple Cuboidal to Simple Squamous Epithelium

56
Q

What is the Histology of the Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

57
Q

What is the Visceral Pleura?

A

The membrane directly covering the surface of the lungs (follows fissures and contours of lungs)

58
Q

What is the Parietal Pleura?

A

Outerlayer of Pleural Cavty
- lines inside of ribcage
- lines upper diaphragm surface

59
Q

What is the Pleural Cavity?

A

This is the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae filled with pleural fluid.

60
Q

The Pleural Space allows the lungs to move smoothly against the _________ during _______.

A

Thorax ; Respiration

61
Q

What is the role of Pleural Fluid?

A

It reducing the friction between the pleurae during breathing

62
Q

The Mediastinal Surface contains a region called what?

A

the Hilum

63
Q

What is the concave space on the mediastinal surface of the left lung where the heart lies against the lung?

A

the Cardiac Notch

64
Q

What are the deep grooves that divide the lungs into lobes?

A

Fissures

65
Q

What is the top part of each lung, situated just beneath the collarbone?

A

The Apex

66
Q

What is the outer surface of the lungs that lies against the inner surface of the rib cage?

A

the Costal Surface

67
Q

The left lung is divided into which two lobes?

A

Superior and Inferior Loves

68
Q

Within the lungs, each secondary bronchus divides into smaller branches known as what?

A

the Tertiary Bronchi

68
Q

The right lung has what three lobes?

A

Superior, Middle, and Inferior lobes

68
Q

Each lobe of the lung has its own secondary bronchus, also called what?

A

a Lobar Bronchus

69
Q

How many Tertiary Bronchi are there in each lung?

A

10

70
Q

Each Tertiary Bronchi supplies air to a specific area of lung tissue called what?

A

Bronchopulmonary Segments

71
Q

What makes each Bronchopulmonary Segment functionally independent units?

A

The fact that they all recieve air from their own tertiary bronchus and blood from their own artery

72
Q

Each Lobule contains clusters of what?

A

Alveoli

73
Q

What are the tiny sacs in which gas exchange occurs?

A

Alveoli

74
Q

List the Bronchopulmonary Segments in order.

A

Primary Bronchi (each lung)
Secondary Bronchi (each lobe)
Tertiary Bronchi (each bp seg)
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchiole (each lobule)
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveoli

75
Q

What are the many compartments of each Bronchopulmonary Segment?

A

Lobules

76
Q

Each lobule contains what?

A

lymphatic vessel, arteriole, venule and a branch from a terminal bronchiole

77
Q

What kind of cells are Type 1 Alveolar Cells?

A

Simple Squamous Cells

78
Q

What occurs at Type 1 Alveolar Cells?

A

Gas Exchange

79
Q

What occurs at Type 2 Alveolar Cells?

A

The secretion of alveolar fluid, containing surfactant

80
Q

Alveolar Duct Cells are also known as what?

A

Alveolar Macrophages

81
Q

What are Alveolar Dust Cells?

A

immune cells that roam the alveoli and remove particles to keep lungs clean (dust, bacteria, debris)

82
Q

O2 and CO2 exchange between alveoli air and capillary blood occurs by what and through what?

A

Diffusion through the Alveolar-Capillary Membrane

83
Q

The exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs between what?

A

between the air in Alveoli and the blood in Capillaries

84
Q

The Alveolar-Capillary Barrier is also known as what?

A

The Respiratory Membrane

85
Q

What are the 4 layers of the Respiratory Membrane?

A
  1. Alveolar Type 1 Cell Wall
  2. Alveolar Epithelial Basement Membrane
  3. Capillary Basement Membrane
  4. Endothelial Cells of Capillary
86
Q

The surface area for gas exchange is comprised of how many alveoli?

A

300 million

87
Q

Which muscles are involved in inhalation (inspiration) and how do they contribute to pressure changes in the lungs to allow inhalation?

A

Diaphragm & External Intercostals

They contract to expand the thoracic cavity, decreasing pressure and drawing air into the lungs.

88
Q

Which muscles are involved in forceful exhalation?

A

Internal intercostals and Abdominal m.

They contract to reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity and forcefully expel air

89
Q

Which muscles are involved in normal exhalation, how do they contribute to pressure changes in the lungs to allow exhalation?

A

Diaphragm and External Intercostals

They relying mainly on elasticity and relaxation of the lungs and thoracic cage rather than muscle contraction

Human Anatomy (10 decks)

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