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U0 History 215 > Lecture 8: The Industrial Revolution > Flashcards

Lecture 8: The Industrial Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

what is coketown

A

fictional place, setting for Charles Dickens book Hardtimes

this could be anywhere, cotton manufacturing towns that supplied to other parts of England
this idea of Coketown became the classic indictment of all that was wrong with the industrialization; too much machinery, smoke, pollutions everywhere

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2
Q

factory workers in coketowns were called what

A

factory workers in this town were called “hands”— they basically had only value of working nothing else

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3
Q

this (Hardtimes) was written about a century after the industrial revolution — a key turning point for humanity
why? and what was britains breakthrough

A

till the 18 century, no country had ever developed an economic system capable of continuous growth. Kingdoms and empires grew but they came to a limit (food production and lands and manufacturing due to size of population)
but from the late 18 century onward britain broke the barriers and created a new economy, achieved self-sustaining growth to promote wealth and productivity

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4
Q

Why was Britain First? (6 reasons)

A 
wool
agriculture
coal
cotton
transport
the state
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5
Q

why was wool benefitiial

A

sheep
britain was pretty prosperous as a nation, due to english all industry from 16c onwards
they had lots of land to graze on to produce bettie wool and better cloth
this created lucrative export markets for english cloth

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6
Q

GB’s relative prosperity was built on what

A

wool

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7
Q

what did the wool lead to

A

so many spin off jobs and the expansion of london

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8
Q

why did people go to london

A

GB’s relative prosperity was built on

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9
Q

how did the populations change in london

A

1500: 50,000; 1700: 600,000

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10
Q

what is photo-industrialization and how did this benefit the people

A

people started making cloth from their homes to get in on the expansion
this led to the expansion of the industry even more
wages went up, not so so much, but people could afford more than just the bare necessities;

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11
Q

what is another name for proto-industrialization

A

cottage industry

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12
Q

how did wool stimulate Transatlantic and Indian Ocean trade

A

they could afford spices and better furniture and better cloth! this increasing demand stimulated the transatlantic and indian trade

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13
Q

the importation of these products (spices and such) added to the importance and size of london and what

A

some costal port cities

aka London, Bristol, Liverpool, Glasgow

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14
Q

how was agriculture a factor

A

increasing ruralization and proto-industrialization meant that an increasing number of farmers were needed to get more land for not only food but also the industry
they had to get more land!

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15
Q

was there an incentive for farmers

A

Incentives to farmers to produce more

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16
Q

how much did productivity in farming increase by

A

productivity increased 2.5X between 1500 and 1800

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17
Q

how is the massive productivity increase in agriculture possible

A

how is this possible?
2 methods—
enclosure;

there method was; the introduction of mixed farming

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18
Q

what is enclosure

A

this meant replacing the traditional system of open-field farming where each farmer would have certain number of strips in large fields this was replaced with distinct enclosed fields by fences and hedges— this meant less open land/common land where all people could go pick berries and such
this meant hat the more prosperous farmers got more land and the less prosperous were out of a job nd had t move to city and get better jobs and wage

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19
Q

enclosure replaced what

A

enclosure replaced “open-field” farming;

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20
Q

what is mixd farming

A

this was the more important one

things like forage crops could be grown on once fallow field lands, returning nutrition to the used lands and it would provide food for the animals and could grow potatoes there
so there was use of all land, didnt have to wait around as soil tried to reestablish itself after one or 2 uses

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21
Q

what did mixed farming do

A

improved crop yields and livestock.

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22
Q

how was coal a factor

A

urban demand for coal increasingly ran high
britain was fortunate to be on top of rich coal seams
coal could be mined, inexpensively shipped to the main cities and feed the market
coal was needed in the city
this trade also helped brain produce 80% f the entire european output
need for coal provided a stimulus for mechanical inventions;

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23
Q

need for coal provided a stimulus for mechanical inventions; why was this

A

coal was so far down below water that the water needed to be pumped out but their old method was ineffective

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24
Q

`what was coal really needed for

A

Mainly to feed London markets

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25
production increased how much from 16-1800
production increased 60X, 1600-1800
26
what did Thomas Newcomen do
created the steam engine to remove water from on top of coal
27
when did Thomas Newcomen have his invention
1712
28
how many of Thomas Newcomen were in operation by 1800
2,500 in operation by 1800
29
what did James Watt do
produced a more sophisticated steam engine that operated with much less coal in partnership with Boulton they produced steam engines for cotton and iron industries as well
30
who did James Watt work with
partnership with Matthew Boulton
31
when did James Watt do his invention
1769
32
how was cotton a factor
cotton cloth grew more popular this trade was organized on proto-industrial lines (it was a cottage industry of people spinning and weaving in their homes) one a point, demand exceeded supply which meant that weavers and spinners could charge more— it took many people to make one cotton cloth
33
why was cotton so popular
lighter, more comfortable and easier to clean than wool
34
did the cotton industry expand proto-industrialization
hell yes-- people spinning in their homes
35
was there a bottle neck for spinning
bottleneck for spinning by mid-C18th stimulated invention
36
what did the bottle neck for spinning produce
bottleneck for spinning by mid-C18th stimulated invention
37
what did James Hargreaves do
Spinning Jenny
38
what is the spinning jenny
machine that enabled just 1 spinner to spin 8 strands of cotton at once by moving food pedals up and down (this number increased) (it used to take 4 spinners!) all of this brought down prices and increased demand
39
when did the spinning jenny happen
1764
40
wha did Richard Arkwright’s do
water frame
41
what is the water frame
replaced human power by water power from a water wheel this moved spinout out fo the home/cottage an into factories near streams this could turn hundreds of spindles
42
when was the waterframe
1769
43
what did Samuel Crompton create
spinning mule
44
what is the spinning mule
combined the best of the spinning jenny and water frame to produce cheaper and better quality cloth than anywhere else
45
when was the spinning mule
1779
46
beginnings of replacement of water power by steam from what year
1785
47
what did all the inventions associated with cotton do
all dramatically reduced production costs
48
what were the productions costs at the time of the cotton boom
to less than 3% of what they had been the century before
49
what was the consequences of the cotton
Destruction of Indian textile industry; expansion of southern cotton plantations in US (Eli Whitney and cotton gin, 1785); expansion of numbers of handloom weavers (300,000 by 1830) before replacement by steam-powered looms
50
what is the Destruction of Indian textile industry
consequence of cotton industry they had the best cotton cloth for centries and now it could not compete
51
what is the expansion of southern cotton plantations in US
demand for raw cotton expanded exponentially so the US responded and shifted from tabacco to cotton slavery increased but became a part of the britains development
52
who is associated with the expansion of southern cotton plantations in US
Eli Whitney and cotton gin, 1785
53
what is the problem with expansion of numbers of handloom weavers before replacement by steam-powered looms
too much yarn, too little weavers this was a bottleneck handloom weavers were no longer needed
54
hoe many handloom weavers by 1830
300,000
55
how is transport a factor
creation go a national transport market to reduce economic costs
56
who was Adam Smith
economic thinker talked about the potential for economic growth 2 methods 1— division of labour. 2— specialization of agriculture or manufacturing according to the region best suited for it this was only feasible in an increasingly integrated market the movement of good had to be less than the cost of production
57
what did Adam Smith write
The Wealth of Nations (1776)
58
what is division of labour
Ex; pin making, one worker could produce 20 mins a day, but 10 men each doing one part of making a pin could increase that to 400 (or something)
59
what is specialization of agriculture or manufacturing according to the region best suited for it
only make what the region is best suited for
60
what was a must for the movement of goods
the movement of good had to be less than the cost of production aka transaction costs had to be low
61
what the the incentive of low transaction costs result in
increase in turnpike roads, navigable rivers, canals and (from 1830s) railways to integrate national market
62
how was the state a factor
what they did and did not do
63
what did the government/state spend lots of money on
Spending heavily on Royal Navy
64
why did the government spend money on the navy
`used this navy to defend interests, territory
65
what did the government/state do about exports and manufactured goods
abolishing most export duties and under-taxing manufactured goods;
66
the government/state promoted rule of law in favour of what
property
67
what does promoting rule of law in favour of property mean
and unrestricted markets against right of workers and people | unfair to labourers and worker, but great for economic growth
68
why did the government not interfere with elite’s improvements of land
what they did NOT do was interference with the elites land people in power ensure their invenstments crucial to economic grow was insured by doing the
69
what were the major consequences of industrialization
Population explosion Acceleration of urbanization Time discipline and poor working conditions Resistance from Luddites
70
why did the population explode
partly as result of proto-industrialization and jobs in cities people married earlier and had more children the more children, the more wager earners, so this was the incentive
71
when did he population explode
from 1750s | 10M to 30M in a century
72
what did Rev. T. R. Malthus say
predicted that the population would outstrip food supply | if people didnt stop having so many babies, nature would balance itself out through famine and such
73
was Rev. T. R. Malthus right
he was proved wrong, partly because of the massive importation of food and as the industry grew it gained more money to get the food
74
what did Rev. T. R. Malthus write
Essay on Population (1798)
75
where did Acceleration of urbanization occur
Lancashire, Yorkshire, Midlands, Glasgow region, N.E. England, S. Wales coalfields, london
76
what were the terrible living conditions
whole families living in cellars inadequate water diseases were lots
77
what was Manchester considered
"shock city"
78
what did Friedrich Engels describe of manchester
described families of 12-16 living in cramped spaces children explosed to cold and neglect 1/2 kids died before age 5 average live expectancy of life expectancy was under 20 years government responded slowly as their main objective was maintaining law and order
79
what did Friedrich Engels write
The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844);
80
what did James Phillips Kay write
The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes Employed in the Cotton Manufacture in Manchester (1832)
81
did the government respond to the bad living conditions
not until much later (aka very slow response) only with the fear of spread of revolution and disease did the government start sanitation and better quality of housing
82
what did the government focus on instead of sanitation
policing first from 1820s, sanitation from 1840s
83
how were Time discipline and poor working conditions a consequence and was it fixed
worked long hour constantly subject to time discipline (clocking in and factory bell; time was money) this was a form of wage slavery/control terrible working conditions— lost limbs and had unsafe machinery coal pitts—women and children poorly treated in the coal pitt was not taken well and they demanded changed men, women and children no longer had to work 12-14 hours every day many labouring people resisted the transition t the factory age; particularly the artists and such
84
campaigns for shorter working hours what year
1830's
85
what did Luddites do
a group of workers formed a secret organization led by Ludd targets of the people are wireframe stocking machines that caused low wages nd unemployment they smashed over 1000 of these machines, they expanded to other machines later
86
how did the government respond to luddites
the government responded by sending in troops (this was during the napoleonic wars) even though they didnt have many troop to spare but this was such a concern so they did it govt. responded with 12,000 troops they made frame-breaking a hangable offence this showed how they want protection of property and order, they wanted to maintain the industrialized
87
luddites were followers of who
General Ned Ludd
88
where were luddites
Nottinghamshire
89
when were luddites
1811- 12

U0 History 215 (9 decks)

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