Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the Trial of Jean Calas

A

Jean Calas, (born March 19, 1698, Lacabarède, Fr.—died March 10, 1762, Toulouse), Huguenot cloth merchant whose execution caused the philosopher Voltaire to lead a campaign for religious toleration and reform of the French criminal code.

On Oct. 13, 1761, Calas’s eldest son, MarcAntoine, was found hanged in his father’s textile shop in Toulouse. Anti-Huguenot hysteria broke out among the local Roman Catholic populace, and Calas was arrested and charged with having murdered his son to prevent or punish his conversion to Catholicism. At first he attributed the crime to an unknown intruder, but he later insisted that his son had committed suicide. Found guilty by the local magistrates, he was condemned to death by the Parlement (appellate court) of Toulouse on March 9, 1762. The following day he was publicly broken on the wheel, strangled, and then burned to ashes. His son was buried as a martyr to the Catholic faith

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2
Q

when did the Trial of Jean Calas happen

A

1762

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3
Q

who tortured and executed Jean Calas

A

Parlement of Toulouse

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4
Q

what did the Parlement of Toulouse do

A

believed the hostile witnesses that came forward and ordered that Calas be tortured 2 times to admit he was guilty and name his alleged helpers
but he protested his innocence the entire time but was beheaded

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5
Q

what is François Marie Arouet also known as

A

Voltaire

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6
Q

what is Voltaire know for in terms of the Jean Calas situation

A

most famous enlightenment thinker in europe
he was appalled at the verdict and punishment so he took the case int his own hands and wrote an article.
The trial was done over again at the request of the king, he was found innocent and the family was compescated

Voltaire said that this was a prime example of how arbitrary rule was unjust; the use of torture, trials behind closed doors, etc… this stuff defied reasons and humanity to him

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7
Q

what did Voltaire write

A

Treatise on Tolerance on the Occasion of the Death of Jean Calas from the Judgment Rendered in Toulouse (1763)

and this influenced the king to right the family

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8
Q

who are key figures in the Enlightenment

A
Immanuel Kant
Voltaire
Nicholas Copernicus
Sir Isaac Newton
Montesquieu
Denis Diderot
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Cesare Beccaria
Scottish Enlightenment figures as well
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9
Q

where did the enlightenment primarily occur

A

europe

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10
Q

what does Sapere aude mean

A

latin expression used by Roman poet, then picked up by Immanuel Kant in his essay

this means, “Dare to know” or “think for yourselves”
above all else, enlightenment thinkers shared a belief in universal human progress. It was reason that should be the primary source of power, it should not be monarchy or the church or old ways

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11
Q

what does Écrasez l’infâme mean

A

to crush innocence

people should be able to think and speak, and truth would be revealed through debate

belief in reason and progress against superstition, intolerance and arbitrary power

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12
Q

who said Écrasez l’infâme

A

voltaire

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13
Q

what did the enlightenment create

A

the scientific revolution

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14
Q

what three major changes; did the scientific revolution bring about

A

(i) Heliocentric view of universe . (ii) New physics .
(iii) Scientific method of inquiry.

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15
Q

who is associated with the Heliocentric view of universe

A

(Nicholas Copernicus, De Revolutionibus, 1543)

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16
Q

who is associated with new physics

A

(Sir Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, 1687)

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17
Q

what is the Heliocentric view

A

the earth moves around the sun, the earth is not the centre of the universe

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18
Q

what is new physics

A

development of a new physics that fit the new heliocentric view
in his work, he formulated the laws of motion and gravitation hat lay the foundation of classical physics that came to dominate the views of the scientific world

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19
Q

who did enlightenment thinkers admire and what did they try to do

A

hailed men like Newton as heroes and thought this was the greatest step yet for humanity
they tried to broaden the application of the new scientific method to the moral and human scientists

collected and spread views through education— to abolish religion (superstition and irrational custom)

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20
Q

what are Enlightenment thinkers also known as

A

philosophes

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21
Q

Enlightenment thinkers did what

A

sought to apply scientific methods to “moral” or “human” sciences

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22
Q

who was Immanuel Kant

A

philosophe
german philosopher, gave best definition of what the enlightenment is all about
people often forget to think for themselves and get stuck in a child-like state and obey authority rather than follow reason

was no revolutionary, believed change should happen naturally and with minimal conflict

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23
Q

when did Immanuel Kant live

A

1724-1804

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24
Q

when did Voltaire live

A

1694-1778

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25
what is significant about Voltaire
philosophe writer, historian, philosopher, propagandist for enlightenment advocated for freedoms of speak, attacked the church
26
was voltaire religious
believed in supreme being but not one that interfered with the world
27
what kind of government did voltaire advocate for
favoured English-style govt. and enlightened monarchy
28
what was voltaires views on authority
but was no revolutionary wanted to enlighten monarchy more than the illiterate masses believed we needed authority still and not to be run by the masses
29
what is an enlightened monarchy
a limited monarchy
30
when did Montesquieu live
1689-1755
31
what did Montesquieu do
lawyer, writer, philosopher, french
32
who wrote De l’esprit des lois (1748)
Montesquieu
33
why is the De l’esprit des lois important
first sustained attempt to classify and compare the varieties of human societies, and within these to study how the societies worked
34
what did Montesquieu want
favoured separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers (rather than French-style Estates); looked to an enlightened aristocracy
35
what is meant by separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers
each separate from, but influenced by each other | so that when one was impacted they were not all impacted
36
what is the French-style estates
clergy, nobility, people represented by estates general 3 state-system
37
what was Montesquieu's views on authority
not a democrat | looked to an enlightened aristocracy and not a monarchy
38
who was Denis Diderot
french writer and philosopher
39
when did Denis Diderot live
1713-84)
40
who wrote Supplément au voyage de Bougainville (1772)
Denis Diderot
41
why is Supplément au voyage de Bougainville important
explorer that charted places and came across Tahiti captured the enlightened european imagination the paintings and account and such gave insights to non-europeans societies and depicted humanity in its non-restrained state (its natural state) (impact of Louis-Anne de Bougainville’s and James Cook’s explorations of S. Pacific)
42
who was a main character in the Encyclopédie
Denis Diderot
43
what is the Encyclopédie
covered absolutely everything designed to promote progress by the application of scientific progress government banned it, yet people still sold it
44
when did the Encyclopédie come out
1751-72
45
who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Swiss writer and philosopher
46
what did Jean-Jacques Rousseau want
searched for political and intellectual freedom believed in the good of humanity, wanted to create a just society more of a radical thinker; advocated for popular sovereignly and democracy
47
when did Jean-Jacques Rousseau live
1712-78
48
who wrote Social Contract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
49
when did the social contract come out
1762
50
what is a key point in the social contract
man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains
51
what does the social contract say
more radical; concept of the “general will; governments and laws represented only the rich and the privileged wanted to unite people in equality rather than have them separated by privilege the national community would be united by the “general will” who would define what the “general will” was could lead to problems
52
who is Cesare Beccaria
itallian criminologist and philosopher
53
when did Cesare Beccaria live
1738-94
54
who wrote On Crimes and Punishments (1764)
Cesare Beccaria
55
what did the book On Crimes and Punishments basically say
this book argued against the death penalty the state does not have the right to take lives, and the death penalty does not have an impact criminal justice procedures be public, punishment in proportion of the crime (also wanted to get rid of torture)
56
who was part of the Scottish Enlightenment
David Hume (1711-76); Adam Smith (1723-90); Joseph Black (1728-99); Robert Burns (1759-96).
57
what did the scottish enlightenment think
a group of thinkers (listed before) asserted he primacy of reason, rejection of authority not justified by reason, optimistic believe in capacity of humanity to bring about progress
58
where did the scottish enlightenment thinkers come out of
Based esp. in Glasgow/Edinburgh Universities
59
what was David Hume
writer, historian, legal training
60
what was Adam Smith
political philosopher
61
what was Joseph Black
physician and chemist
62
what was Robert Burns
poet
63
how did the Dissemination of Enlightenment ideas happen
through expanding C18th print culture and learned societies, academies, salons, masonic lodges and coffeehouses.
64
what is print culture
printing, publishing and newspapers and books | censor ship was greater in places like Russia, Prussia… even there some publishing was encouraged
65
what are learned societies, academies, salons, masonic lodges and coffeehouses
provided libraries, meeting places for discussion and journals these were places where people could mingle and talk about the latest ideas the 18th century saw the creation of pubic opinion (aka the elite, not the total) nut governments to some extent felt the need to respond to
66
what countries are included in Enlightened Absolutism
Prussia Austria Russia
67
what is Enlightened Absolutism also known as
enlightened despotism
68
who was included int he Enlightened Absolutism of Prussia
Frederick William I, the “Great Elector”, r.1640-88; Frederick I, r.1688-1713; Frederick William I, the “Soldier King”, r.1713-40.
--Frederick II
69
what did Frederick William I do
began build up of Prussian army, established absolute monarchy
70
what did Frederick William I's son do
turned Prussia into a kingdom | first guy’s son… named himself when turned it to kingdom
71
what was Frederick William I known as
Great Elector
72
when did Frederick William I reign
1640-88
73
when did Frederick William I's son reign
1688-1713
74
when did Frederick William I's son's son reign
1713-40.
75
what was Frederick William I's son's sons nick name
Soldier King
76
what was Frederick II's nick name
the Great
77
what did Frederick II do
under him, prussian became a leading military power
78
what was Frederick II's first step
to occupy Silesia
79
when did The Great reign
1740-86
80
what did The Great do in terms of territorial expansion
territorial expansion (including occupation of Silesia, 1740 (start of War of Austrian Succession) and partition of Poland from 1772)
81
who was the "first servant of the state" and what does that mean
the Great considered himself this service to the goal of strengthening service to authority (eliminating things like the church that limited him) ended torture, opened up the ranks of judges to non-nobles, promoted education, encouraged religious toleration on his own lands, he fostered the cultivation of new crops and scientific crops abolished capital punishment of peasants, etc this was consistent with the notion of an enlightened monarchy
82
what is the Great most known for
“enlightened” reforms and modernization in the service of absolutist power
83
who was key in Austria's enlightened absolutism
Maria Theresa
84
who was Maria Theresa
Habsburg ruler, Holy Roman Empress, 1740-80 rocky start to her reign, as Fred the great took some land response to the setbacks made her reorganize stuff (mentioned started at greater...
85
what did Maria Theresa do
greater centralization, taxes, army reform in response to War of Austrian Succession; “enlightened” measures under her and Joseph II
86
who was Joseph II
Maria Theresa's son
87
when did Maria and her son reign
joint rule, 1765-80; sole rule of son, 1780-90
88
when did the ways of Maria and her son revert
reaction under Francis II from 1792 (Joseph's son)
89
who was a key figure in the enlightened absolutism of Russia
After death of Peter III, German wife (Catherine the Great)
90
when did Catherine the Great rule
ruled 1762-96
91
how did Catherine the Great rule
courted enlightened figures, but reforms were overall modest minimal reduction of torture for example couldn’t do anything about the massive rule of nobles
92
when did the Cossack/peasant rebellion of Emelyan Pugachev happen (in russia)
1773-4
93
what happened after the Cossack/peasant rebellion of Emelyan Pugachev
brutal suppression, Catherine the Great reverted absolutely everything