Lecture 7: Restoration Europe Flashcards
who wrote the song, “Wellington’s Victory, or, the Battle of Vitoria” and when
Ludwig van Beethoven, 1813
when was the Peace of Paris,
30 May 1814
what was the peace of paris
basically: lenient treatment of france by allies
peace that treated france pretty penitently
allied armies withdrew from france
countries largely returned to borders before start of wars
got most of colonies back as we’ll
reason for leniency; not to undermine the authority of King Louis 18th, idea that any nostalgia for ways of napoleon would be kept to a minimum
other reason was attempt to maintain the balance of power in europe
but europes statesman had to do more than settle things with france they had to create a new order for all of europe
and they did the in the congressional of vienna
who were the allies
GB. Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden
when was the Congress of Vienna
met Sept. 1814-June 1815
who were the key players in the congress of vienna
Alexander I of Russia, Klemens von Metternich of Austria, Castlereagh and Wellington of GB, Karl von Hardenburg of Prussia, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand of France
what was Klemens von Metternich of Austria’s views
liked oppression, wanted to use police spying and force
for hum, main way to have change and prevent revolution was for all states to work together
who was Castlereagh
british foreign secretary
who was Wellington of GB
he succeeded Castlereagh part-way through
who was Maurice de Talleyrand of France
french foreign minister— served lots of the rulers of france when they were in power
basically– pretty flexible with who he served
what was the main objective of the congress of vienna
to maintain peace and prevent revolution
what were specific objectsives of the congress of vienna
(a) to restore “legitimacy” ; (b) to keep France in its borders (creation of Kingdom of the Netherlands; Prussia given German territory on Rhine; Austrians restored in N. Italy); (c) to deal with Poland (“Kingdom of Poland” under Russian control, rest under Austria and Prussia); (d) to sort out German lands (parts of Saxony to Prussia; German Confederation set up)
what is meant by to restore “legitimacy”
how to do this
of monarchs across europe who had been impacted by the revolution
so what they did was confirm restoration of Borbon in France AND spain AND the kingdom of the 2 cicelies
also saw restoration of king of sardinia
(Bourbons to France, Spain and Kinv gdom of the Two Sicilies; Sardinian king to Piedmont)
what is meant by “to keep France in its borders”
did this by 3 methods
restored dutch republic; turned it into a kingdom (the kingdom of the netherlands) under the rule of the house of Orange
Gave netherlands the austrian netherlands (today’s belgim) which had much power of this side of europe to keep france at bay
Expanded the austrian empire again, giving the haps burgers territory back what they had lost to the french
(creation of Kingdom of the Netherlands; Prussia given German territory on Rhine; Austrians restored in N. Italy)
what is meant by “to deal with Poland”
Poland had ceased to exist as an independent country when it was divided up between austria, prussia and russia (I think) in earlier years
napoleon had created a semi-independent state of plant— the congress created a nominally independent kingdom of poland, but it was actually under the control of Russia
(“Kingdom of Poland” under Russian control, rest under Austria and Prussia)
what is meant by “to sort out German lands”
how to rebuild the german speaking area of europe
the intention of the statesmen was to have a germany that would be strong enough to hold their own agains the french if they expanded, but to maintain enough control over them to ensure they didnt become a main power in europe
Germany was orgnanized into a loose german confederation (39 states) prussia had real leadership over the northern confederate territories
(parts of Saxony to Prussia; German Confederation set up).
what did russia get
finland
what did sweden get
norway
what did GB get
Cape Colony, Tobago and Ceylon to GB
Britain was confirmed in possession of colonies; Cape colony, tobago, Ceylon (today’s srilanka)
what was “The hundred days”
Napoleon’s escape from Elba; reached Paris and declared himself emperor again; Battle of Waterloo, June 15-18 (Wellington, Blücher)
when napoleon escaped from elba, how did he get people to support him
Feb. 1815
while all this was happening escaped and headed to Paris
he was promising liberal reforms and restoration fo french glory
people along his rout from southern france up to paris rallied with him
by the time he reached paris, Louis had fled and declared himself emperor AGAIN
the allies declared a 7th coalition and dispatched armies against him
what was the Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon was met and defeated here
when was the Battle of Waterloo
June 15-18
who led the Battle of Waterloo
Wellington, Blücher
where was napoleon finally exiled to
St. Helena, where he ended up dying of old age
what was the repercussions for the french when napoleon was officially defeated
French forced to pay 700M franks, Indemnity and army of occupation for 5 years
who was restored to power when napoleon was exiled
louis 18, again
when the restoration started, what was the battle between
Battle between conservatism (Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790); Joseph de Maistre) and liberalism
what did conservatives want
attempt by conservatives to hold on to as much old order as possible, but only partly successful in this
what did liberals want
liberals accepted key principles of the revolution, embraced change (or progress)
liberals believed in individual rights, freedom of speech, religion and assembly
believed in reason against religious superstition, propoganda, etc
they believed in talent instead of privilege
protection of private property
preferred constitutional monarchy over democracy
liberals tended not to believe that women/manual labourers has sufficient education, maturity or experience to have reason (they should not be admitted to the political process)
what were Edmund Burke’s views
Burks warned that social order had to be anchored in custom, tradition and hierarchy
what were Joseph de Maistre’s views
Burke’s ideas were picked up by post war french conservatives like Joseph
who restated his ideas in religious terms (strong); he said that the advocacy of rapid change like the revolutionaries had done, ignored the past as it endangered internationally harmony and peach
the revolution was a crime against hierarchy, the church and was building against blasphemous enlightenment ideas (joseph said all this)
after napoleon’s invasion of portugal, what happened
after napoleon’s invasion of portugal, the royal family of portugal left for the portugese colony of brazil
set up court in brazil capital (rio)
portugal attempted to reestablish brazil as a colony but the brazilians refused
when did the Portuguese try to take back brazil
1807-21
what was the Liberal Revolution
(brazil)
King João returned to the thrown at this time
this revolution initiated a period of constitutional rule
the portuguese government attempted to reestablish brazil as a colony but the brazilians refused and declared independence
when was Liberal Revolution
1820
when was the official Brazilian independence
1822
who is Emperor Pedro I
king João’s son, was established as first emperor of brazil
what is the overview of the portugal and brazil thing
Portugal
Independence movements also happened where
Spanish America
what was going on with spain at this time
spain badly weakened by the peninsular war
during this time it was impossible for it to exercise control over its latin american colonies and they began to break away
military leaders, Libertadores, were crucial
by 1825 the only thing left of the spanish america was what
purterico and cuba, everything else was gone
what are Libertadores
liberators
crucial figures in defeating spanish forces and securing independence
who were two main liberators
José de San Martín, Simón Bolívar
what did José de San Martín do
one of the liberators
helped argentinia, chile and peru acheive independance
what did Simón Bolívar do
liberator
crucial in securing the independence of venezuela (his home),columbia, equator and bolivia
what were the 2 other reasons that the latin american countries achieved their independence (external forces)
- the USA
because US president James issued the Monroe Doctrine - Great Britain and its naval power— the new republics were ready to recognized/they preferred to trade with britain rather than with spain and so the brits were prepared to support them in their push for independence
these countries then became part of britains informal trading empire
what was the Monroe Doctrine
this warned european powers against intervention in the new world
when was the Monroe doctrine
1823
when was the Coup against Ferdinand VII in Spain
1820
what was the Coup against Ferdinand VII in Spain
at this time, a group of soldiers ready to be deployed to the americas to put down the revolts staged a coup against the conservative king (Ferdinand 7)
they forced him to grant a liberal constitution and to give power to a new thing called the cortez
Spain descended into a civil war between who
country then descended into civil war between royalists and liberals
Ferdinand restored to throne by who
French,
when was Ferdinand restored to throne
1823
what was happening in italy at this time
Carbonari revolts in Naples and Piedmont, put down by Metternich and Austrians
what is the Carbonari
this revolt was lead by secret brotherhood called carbonari (because of the charcoal they used to blacken their faces in secret meetings)
these people called for constitutions and political representation, spread across southern europe in early 1820’s
Carbonari led revolts where
in Naples and Piedmont
what us Naples
kingdom of the 2 cicelies
who put down the italian revolts
put down by Metternich and Austrians
why was the revolt put down by Metternich and Austrians
the revolts put down by austrian troops sent by Prince metternich
and so the conservative order was maintained
what were Austria and Russia considered
most autocratic of european countries
what was the Holy Alliance
alongside prussia they formed a holy alliance in attempt to ensile the devine right of kings and christian values into european political life
but even here the autocrats did not have everything their own way
when was the Holy Alliance formed
Sept. 1815
what were the limits to autocracy of Francis I of Austria
Hapsburg emporter, France I
opposed all constitutional limits to his power
e.g. police spies were issued to infiltrate student meetings and to surveil anyone who might be against him
in spite of all the surveillance, banned books smuggled into the country and the ideas were shared, the liberals in Australia took a great deal of interest of what was happening (constitutional developments, liberal movements, etc) elsewhere and some of those ideas got back to austria anyway
when did Francis I of Austria reign
1792-1835
what were the Diets In Hungary/Transylvania
Hapsburg’s Hungarian and transylvania provinces did have limited forms of representative assembly (limited forms of representative people (diets))
in some places in hapsburg territories you had more representation than others
when was the failed Decembrist revolt against Nicholas
1825
what was the Decembrist revolt of russia
3000 soldiers (Decembrists, as this was the month it took place in) marched to the main square in st. petersburg and demanded a constitution and the abdication of nicholas they were easily dispersed by troops loyal to the new tzar and in the wake of this, Nick became europe’s most uncompromising conservative; giving his secret police nearly unlimited powers of surveillance and oppression and clamping down on even the mildest forms of decent
what did Nicholas I do in response to the revolt
in wake of this, he became the most strict authoritarian, he had ultimate power
nicholas succeeded in keeping the revolution out of russia
when did Nicholas I reign
1825–55
what happened with the poland revolt (what did Nick I do)
nick also succeeded in poland
a group of polish nobles seized control, declared independence of poland and set up a provincial government
they were crushed by russian forces 9 months later
poland was then placed under military rule for the rest of the century
when was the failed Polish revolt
crushed, 1830
how was the greek independence struggle different
captured the imagination of romantics and liberals more than any other struggle
when was the Greek Independence struggle against Ottomans,
1821-7
how did many europeans view the Greek struggle
many europeans saw it in religious terms
christianity against islam
with islam seen in orientalist terms and as cruel
this perception among europeans that this was a struggle against despotic islam and other europeans saw it as a crusade for liberty for the supposed birth place of western civilization
in truth, the reality was a brutal struggle with massacres on both sides
but ultimately, the greek nationalists prevailed after britain, french and russian ships intervened and destroyed the ottoman egyptian fleet at Navarino
who won against the Ottoman/Egyptian fleet at Navarino
GB/French/Russian victory against Ottoman
when was the Ottoma/Egyptian fleet at Navarino
20 Oct. 1827
In france, the restored bourbon could not go back to the way things were before the revolution why
the restored bourbon could not go back to the way things were before the revolution because the constitution was so thoroughly entrenched
was Louis XVIII popular and why or why not
was never popular
things made worse due to economic hardship
partly because of the high level of taxation to pay for repairs to the allies
Louis succeeded by his bro, charles 10
Louis XVIII conceded a Charter, what did this include
this was a written contract that reaffirmed the main gains of the revolution
such as; careers open to talent and legal equality
the old system of estates was not resurrected, the napoleonic code and the concordat with the pope remained in place
a legislative body was set up
you did have to be wealthy to vote, had to be even wealthier to be elected— this was a restricted franchise compared with the revolutionary napoleonic franchises
but still, this was representative constitutional government which they had not had during prior regimes
when did Louis XVIII conceded Charter and some of gains of Revolution
1815
what was the beef between Charle X and the liberals
was a hardline reactionary who tightened censorship, gave former emigre (those noble aristocrats who had fled the country) compensation for the lands they had lost and restored the catholic church to its traditional place in french education/classrooms
this appeased the ultra royalists, but infuriated the liberals
it was the liberals who won the parliamentary elections even with the restricted franchises, in 1827
charles ignored the liberals for a while, but in the face of mounting opposition (due to economic hardtimes) he called new elections
when these went against him again, he issued the July ordinances
when was the Reactionary regime of Charles X
from 1824
what were the July Ordinances
these dissolved the new assembly before it could meet, censored the press, and further restricted the size of the electorate
that was a cue for parisians to take to the streets and for the so called July revolution to begin
when were the July Ordinances
1830
July Revolution
barricades thrown up, street battles with the army and police taking place over a 3 day period
chases was forced to abdicate, now the liberal leaders who were in charge of the revolution were determined not to let it get out of control like the prior revolution, they did not want to go back to the radicalization of the revolution they had seen then
they rejected the demands for a republic
offered the throne to another branch of the royal family, the Duc d’Orleans
when was the July Revolution
1830
who is Louis Philippe
this guy is the duc
he was promoted as a thoroughly constitutional monarch and he was titles King of the French rather than king of France
remember, that this is the distinction that napoleon took as well (Emperor of French rather than France)
who inspired the Belgium independence
french
Belgium secured independence from Dutch when
1830-1
under whose rule did Belgium secured independence from Dutch
King Leopold I
did britain experience a revolution
did not experience revolution, but it may have come close
had a long-standing parliamentary system but it had a very limited electorate and very unequal representation
with high unemployment and economic difficulties from the napoleonic wars, there was considerable unrest in the country to which the government responded with repressive measures
British Repressive govt. after what year
1815
what was Peterloo Massacre
this was one of the notable repressions by the government
when was Peterloo Massacre
1819
what were the political reforms of britain
in spite of the massacre, there were enough reforming elements in government to see that some concessions would be the best way to maintain stability
so in the late 1820’2, the first protestant dissenters (those who were not members of the church of england) and then catholics were allowed greater access to political life
they had been really shut out since the 17th century
who did the political reforms of britain favour
favouring Protestant Dissenters and Catholics
when did the british political reforms happen
1828-9
to appease demands for electoral reform, what happened
to appease demands for electoral reform, there was massive demonstrations across the country, particularly in the wake of the july revolution in france, a government lead by Earl Grey this government brought in the great reform act of 1832
the british government was then led by who
Whig govt. of Earl Grey
what were the two parties running fr government in britain
the politics were divided between Whigs and and torries– whigs were more liberal)
what was the main thing that Earl Grey did
brought in Great Reform Act, 1832
when was the Great Reform Act,
1832
what was the Great Reform Act,
this increased the number of people who could vote, and made the franchise fairer and more equal
