Lecture 5 Flashcards
why was the french revolution significant
hugely significant moment
demonstrated that age only monarchies and rulers and religious control could be demolished
nothing was permanent
the french revolution changed the way people think; giving ride to a series of new systems (e.g. nationalism, etc)
what were the long term consequences
financial crisis
political cricis
crisis of public opinion
how was the financial crisis increased
Govt. debts increased by Seven Years’ War (1756-63; loss of Canada and India) and American War of Independence (1776-83).
when did the 7 years war happen
1756-63
what was the result of the 7 years war
loss of Canada and India
what was La Marseillaise
context; invasion of france by prussian and other forces to stop Louis the 16th
first sung as a marching song
became a patriotic rallying cry for the revolution and became the anthem later in 1775 (I think)
how did the American War of Independence increase financial problems
france joined them to try and get back at the british, but the americans succeeded and the french just went into even more debt
when was the american war of independance
1776-83
what was the political crisis
Resistance of the parlements (esp. Paris Parlement) and other vested interests to reform during reigns of Louis XV (r.1715-74) and Louis XVI (r.1774-92); policies of Jacques Necker defeated
what was included in Resistance of the parlements
(esp. Paris Parlement)
any attempt to reform went to the resistance
(note: parliaments means;this means judicial things
they rejected any laws they considered to be flawed)
why did the political crisis happen during the reign of Louis XV
was 5 years old when he took the thrown, and the parliament took the advantage to have more power as a child was ruling the kingdom
when did Louis XV reign
1715-74
when did Louis XVI reign
1774-92
who was Jacques Necker and what did he try to do
louis’ finance minister
tried to help finances, and all the people who held power (people who had given the king money) resisted, and the monarchy failed
what was the crisis of public opinion
Growth of Enlightenment-inspired public debate and pamphleteering; (physiocrats); Marie Antoinette and “Diamond Necklace Affair”, 1785; resentment by 3rd Estate of nobility’s privileges
how did the enlightenment influence the people
people attacked/moved against the king an his ways they attacked his decision to remove the price controls of reign, which kept the price of bread down which is one of the staples of their diet the prices (short term) of bread skyrocketed, and contrasted this with the diamond necklace affair
what was the Diamond Necklace Affair (1785)
idea that Marie Antoinette spent 2 million pounds on a necklace, this was a false allegation but everyone believed it
why did the 3rd estate resent the nobility
clergy in first
nobles in second
everyone else in third
the upper third= bankers and such were actually more rich than the nobles and they resented the privileges of the nobles as they thought it to be unjust and bad
what are physiocrats
believed that agriculture was the source of all wealth and should be taxed/priced very high
when did the Paris Parlement refused more loans
1785
what was the deal with Paris Parlement refusing more loans;
refuse to approve
this means the government had no way to finance the country
so the parliament agreed to a new short term load, if and ONLY if, the king agreed to allow for the estates general to meet again (for the first time in years since it was banned)
when was the estates general called
1785
what were some major short term problems
Terrible economic conditions and high bread prices; peasants’ grievances against seigneurial dues, salt tax, corvée, etc.; cahiers de doléances.
–Debate over format of Estates General, which met in May 1789; Third Estate walked out and, led by Mirabeau and Abbé Sièyes, swore Tennis Court Oath, 20 June, declaring themselves the National Assembly
what was the deal with salt tax
people were required to buy 7 lbs of salt from the government every year
what was the deal with corvée
forced to do annual labour to maintain roads without any pay
what were cahiers de doléances
lists of grievances
1614 was the last time this had happened (when the states general last met)
people sent in their long lists against unfair taxes, unjust privileges, etc
all this had feuded the notion that something had gone terribly wrong in france and raise expectations for desperately needed reforms
what was the Debate over format of Estates General
members of the 3rd estate argued that as they represent the majority of france they should have double the amount of delegates as the other 2
at the end, they should all vote as individuals in so that the nobles and clergy could not outvote the third
the king did nit agree to this
so the 3rd estate walked out
when did the Estates general actually meet
May 1789
what happened at the meeting of the estates generl
Third Estate walked out and, led by Mirabeau and Abbé Sièyes, swore Tennis Court Oath, 20 June, declaring themselves the National Assembly
who led the estates general walk out
Mirabeau and Abbé Sièyes
what is the tennis court oath
they couldn’t do the estates general, so they met in the tennis court
when did the tennis court oath happen
june 20 1789
what did the national assembly agree on
they took a solemn oath not to separate until they had drafted a constitution for france
this was the real beginning of the revolution in france
how many phases of the french revolution
2
what was the phase one named
moderte phase
what were the sans-culottes
outside pressures;
wore long pants
were electors
feared a reactionary cout by the king, organized a voluntary malitia to maintain order
when was the storming of the bastille
july 14
what was the storming of the bastille
rebels initiated this
was a statement of rebellion
king was forced to recognize the estates general as higher than the king’s word
when did phase one happen
June 1789-Aug. 1792
what did the national assembly accomplish
National Guard; Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, Aug. 26
when was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen done
Aug. 26
what was La Grande Peur
the great fear
the peasantry, suffering lots, took it upon themselves to organize themselves to seise grain to feed themselves, to make a name for themselves through violence
when news of this reach the national assembly was convinces that france had collapsed
what happened the night of august 4
one noble after another demanded the hierarchy gone
the regime of hierarchy and privilege that had been placed for centred collapsed in this one night
aka Assembly, sweeping away of remnants of feudalism
what is october days
women marched and invaded the palace and threatened the queen, he was then forced to move to paris under the eye of the people
the women were convinced the king was conspiring against the revolution
what are assignats
a new form of paper money
created to pay off the countries huge public debt
why are assignats important
Nov., nationalization of Church property to back assignats
what was the July 1790, Civil Constitution of the Clergy
this made bishops and priests salary employees of the state
this began a rift between the people in the church; those who recognized their power from the pope and those that recognized their power from he state
when did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy happen
July 1790
growing unrest happened especially where
in the west
what was the Constitution of 1791;
order and rights of french order was declared common interest of all sovereigns in europe
this meant that european monarchs weren’t going to put up with this
basically; abolition of guilds and trades unions
what was the Failed flight of royal family to Varennes, 20 June 1791
king decided to run away with queen and children
despised as ordinary people
left a letter behind that denounced the revolution
unfortunately for them they were recognized and stoped and brought back as prisoners of the national assembly
when did the Failed flight of royal family to Varennes, happen
20 June 1791
what was Declaration of Pillnitz
order and rights of french order was declared common interest of all sovereigns in europe
this meant that european monarchs weren’t going to put up with this
when did the Declaration of Pillnitz happen
Aug. 1791
who issued the Declaration of Pillnitz
Austria and Prussia
what was the mass politicization thta happened
e.g. Jacobins Club
one of the main debating clubs
they were told to disperse but they didn’t want to
when did France declared war on Austria and Prussia
20 Apr. 1792
why did France declare war on Austria and Prussia
because their armies invaded
when did sans-culottes attacked royal palace
10 Aug
after the sans-culottes attacked royal palace, what did they do
set up a commune
what was the commune
revolutionary comune
this forced the newly elected national assembly to strip the royal family of powers and consider them as prisioners
what was included in the first phase
(a) Phase 1 (June 1789-Aug. 1792)
- -Moderate phase; but outside pressure from sans-culottes; July 14, storming of the Bastille; organization of National Guard; Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, Aug. 26.
- -La Grande Peur in the countryside; night of August 4 in Assembly, sweeping away of remnants of feudalism.
- - The “October Days” and the move of the court to Paris from Versailles.
- -Nov., nationalization of Church property to back assignats; July 1790, Civil Constitution of the Clergy; growing counterrevolutionary unrest, esp. in the west.
- - Constitution of 1791; abolition of guilds and trades unions.
- -Failed flight of royal family to Varennes, 20 June 1791.
- - Aug. 1791, Declaration of Pillnitz by Austria and Prussia; mass politicization (e.g. Jacobins Club); 20 Apr. 1792, France declared war on Austria and Prussia, whose armies invaded; 10 Aug., sans-culottes attacked royal palace, set up Commune; king and family imprisoned.
when was phase 2
Sept. 1792-July 1794
Legislative Assembly replaced by what
Convention
what was the Convention elected by
universal manhood suffrage
what is important about the universal manhood suffrage
all adult males had vote
what was the September Massacres
but then in early september, before they could meet, rumours spread that political prisoners were planning to escape from prion and join the other side (foreigns)… so people stormed the prisons and slaughtered all the prisoners
basically; slaughter of over 1,000 inmates
when was france declared a republic
21 Sept
when was the king guillotined
21 Jan. 1793
what happened when the king guillotined
at this point the below countries declared way on france
who joined in war against France
GB joined Dutch, Spain, Austria, Prussia, Portugal
Convention conscripted how many new soldiers
300,000
who rebelled
Vendée rebellion
what was the Vendée rebellion
The War in the Vendée was an uprising in the (countryside) Vendée region of France during the French Revolution.
who forced expulsion of Girondins from Convention
sans-culottes
when did the sans-culottes forced expulsion of Girondins from Convention
-2 June, 1793
what happened when the sans-culottes forced expulsion of Girondins from Convention
leaving Jacobins, under Maximilien Robespierre, in control (and of Committee of Public Safety).
who were the two main groups in the french revolution
Girondins and Jacobins (as well as the sans-coulettes I guess)
what was the Terror
max initiated this
ruthless oppression of enemies or assumed enemies and an authoritarian control to preserve the revolution
they guillotines so many people, like Marie Antoinette (in October) and Girondins
as brutal as it was, the terror worked and mobilized the country for war
the conscription of people created a large army ready for war
who ran the Terror
Maximilien Robespierre
how did Maximmilian prepare for war
Mobilization for war (levée en masse; the “maximum”; grain requisition) to deal with Vendée uprisings, “federalists” in Marseilles, Lyon and Bordeaux, and repel foreign invaders
what was grain requisition
from peasants, kept the army and citizens supplied (allowed for them to continue)
what was levée en masse
forced conscription
what were federalists
lived in Marseilles
people called themselves this
they were not counter revolutionary in the same was as the vendee’s were
why are the federalists important
they resulted in the song of La Marseillaise
how did Maximillian respond to the conflict between Georges Danton and the Indulgents
guillotined them both
who was Jacques Hébert
leader of french revolution
ran a radical news paper
killed by robespierre
what happened with robspierre
it was clear that no one was now safe
some of his people turned on him,
when did Robspierre get guillotined
28 July,
aka 9th of Thermador year 2
