Lecture 10: 1848 Flashcards
Irish population doubled when
1780s-1840s
what did the Irish population double to
to 8.2M
what did the irish rely on
poptatoes
what was the phytophthora infestans
fungus disease that hit the potato crop in ireland
the fungus reduced crop from 14.9M tons to what
2M tons
when did the famine in ireland hit
1844-7
how many people dies and emigrated when the famine hit
1M died, 1M+ emigrated
why didnt the government intervene when ireland was suffering
part of great britain
governed from england
england responded poorly mostly because of liberal belief that intervention fo the state would do more harm than good
many many people died from typhus, cholera, etc
about 1 M people died from the famine and 1M more emmigrated
population in ireland dropped 20%
(in relation to potato crisis)
what is anther name for Spring of Nations
Year of Revolution
when did “Spring of Nations”/“Year of Revolution” happen
1848
what happened in the “Spring of Nations”/“Year of Revolution”
most widespread revolutionary wave of history
this years of revolution had many causes; one was the economic crisis
irish famine was a manifestation of the hungry forties
grain harvest failed 2x in a row because of bad weather
not only ireland but also potato growing regions of germany and elsewhere
bread prices doubled and riots broke out
people had less to spend on manufactured goods, people lost jobs as their employers could not support them
banks failed, economic activitiy slowed dramatically
none of this in itself cause evolution, but when the government couldn’t provide relief or they sent in armies to break up riots it made them look incompetent and people lost faith in them
what was the Great Reform Act, 1832
made british electoral system more competent and increased number of men in the parliament
when did the Great Reform Act happen
1832
did the Great Reform Act include all men
still excluded working men from vote
when was the People’s Charter
1838
what was the People’s Charter
to get working men into the parliament
because the upperclass men were doing things and passing legislation not helping the working men
called for 6 democratic reforms
what were the 6 democratic reforms called for
universal manhood suffrage (all males over 21 to vote)
secret ballots— so people could vote freely
no property qualifications for members of parliament so working men could sit in parliament
get this one
equal constituents so all votes could have equal weight
annual elections to keep a check on bribery and intimidation of men in parliament and to hold them to account
who was William Lovett
led the people’s charter
Chartist movement peaked when
1839, 1842, 1848
Chartist movement coincided with what
coincided with periods of economic depression
who was Feargus O’Connor
member of the anglo irish land owning classes
chartism in britain was considered what
chartism was the largest labour movement in 19c european history as a whole
give a summary of July Monarchy in France
Louis Philippe’s govt. elected by 1% of population; François Guizot, “enrichissez-vous”; govt. repression; (caricaturists Charles Philipon, Honoré Daumier); reform banquets; banquet for 22 Feb. 1848 banned, sparking revolution
who was in control in france
Louis Philippe’s govt. elected
Louis Philippe’s govt. elected by how many
1% of population
why was Louis Philippe’s govt. elected by 1% of population
1% could vote
corrupt environment of the banking and industrial elite
didnt incorporate all classes
who was François Guizot
leader in the regime
what was François Guizot’s advice
“enrichissez-vous”
he gave advice to those who couldn’t vote; go out and make money so you can be in the 1% and vote
what was incorporated with the government repression in france
banning of radical organizations and sending in troops
who was Charles Philipon
used satire/art to strike back at the repressive government
government didnt like this and they forbid publication of things that went against the king
what is Charles Philipon’s most famous work
Honoré Daumier
what were reform banquets (france)
political meetings had been banned so they organized a series of banquets
here they drank toasts to reform
what is important about 22 Feb. 1848
called for a banquet in paris this date
government banned it
then revolution broke out
who was included in The Wave of Revolutions
france
britain and ireland
germany
austria
what was February Revolution in France
after the government banned the reform government, reform leader sand student sea workers demonstrated in the streets, national guard refused orders to disperse them, the government then sent in regular troops but they had no training in crowd control and they caused more chaos
how many barricades in france by Feb. 24
1,500 barricades
did Louis Philippe stay on throne
no, Louis Philippe abdicated
who took over after Louis Philippe
provisional govt. of liberals, republicans, socialists
what did the liberals, republicans, socialists declare
“Second Republic”
declared a republic
enacted universal male suffrage, freedom of press and speach, etc
when did the liberals, republicans, socialists declare universal male suffrage, freedom of press and speach, etc
on the 25 of Feb then enacted universal male suffrage, freedom of press and speach, etc
in france, Socialist demanded what
for “right to work”
what is “right to work”
demand for the government to give jobs for the unemployed so people could earn a wage
who was Louis Blanc (france)
leader in the government
proposed that government set up national workshops and they did
he was head of the lux. commission;
what were National Workshops (france)
`so many people went to this, some government parties thought they would form a revolution and have the Terror start again
what were lux. commission (france)
workers parliament that studied working and living conditions and proposed reforms
why did the National Workshops closed
thought they were uneconomic and a serious threat to social order
what was June Days (france
closing of the workshops trigger this
army was sent in
about 120 000 troops sent in, 3000 dead, uprising was crushed
when was June Days
June 23-6
june days was crushed by who
General Louis Eugène Cavaignac
with all the unrest, who were the Presidential candidates (france)
Cavaignac, Alphonse de Lamartine, Alexandre Ledru-Rollin, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
who was Alphonse de Lamartine
moderate republican
who was Alexandre Ledru-Rollin
socialist
who was Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
new few of the former emperor
had spent most of life in exile
how did Napoloen appeal to people
he appealed to conservatives as someone who would protect property and rotor order
appealed to those who wanted the glory and greatness of his uncle
appealed to peasants (the vast majority of the people) because he posed as their friend in a book he wrote in 1844
he was one of the first to realize that extending the vote especially to peasants could be good for conservatives rather than radicals
for all these reasons he got more than 2x vote than the other 3 candidates combined
to compare the uncle and nephew; Marx said that all things happens 2x (the first as tragic and the second as farce)
how did louis napoleon exploite his power
exploited his power by sucking up to some (old age payments) and went against some others
he introduced emergency measures to make himself president for life
who was elected (france(
louis napoleon, 1844
when was The Extinction of Pauperism, written
The Extinction of Pauperism, 1844
when was the coup d’état (france)
1852
what was the coup d’état
he introduced emergency measures to make himself president for like
and he established the second emperor as himself as the second emperor
ratified by a plebiscite
what was louis napoleon’s official title
Second Empire, Emperor Napoleon III
Chartism in britain and ireland peaked when
chartism peaked early 1480 inspired by news from paris
what was the Chartist demonstration on Kennington Common, London (britain)
this demonstration was not as large as expected; probably because of the intimidating show of force by authorities
estimates of crowd was 20-30 though sand people only
chartist leaders decided not to confront force with force, they stopped the partition
intended to march on parliament with millions of signatures to demand reform
government banned the march, had the duke of wellington to put out forces to stop them
when was the Chartist demonstration on Kennington Common, London set for
10 April 1848
who shut down the Chartist demonstration on Kennington Common, London
Duke of Wellington
ireland was a centre of resistance to what
britain rule
what arose in ireland
Nationalism in Ireland
what were the United Irishmen
called for radical reform
crushed by british who responded to the irishmen, they put ireland not their nation as a come back
when were the United Irishmen,
1790s
when was the Act of Union,
1801
what was the Act of Union
UK was brought together (the countries)
who was Daniel O’Connell’s
aka the liberator (ireland)
Daniel O’Connell’s campaigns for what
Catholic Emancipation
what is Catholic Emancipation
catholics could now become members of parliament
movement failed to repeal the act of union and allow ireland to have its own parliament once again
when was Catholic Emancipation acheived
achieved 1829
was Catholic Emancipation repealed
yes
what was Young Ireland
this was a group;
insipred by events on continent decided the time was right for an uprising
why was Young Ireland not very successful
but they didnt get as big as wanted to because of the famine
when was the Young Ireland uprising (even though it was very small, it is still notable)
1848
Revolution spread from France, reaching Berlin by when
mid-March
german states were forced to do what
make liberal reforms
what liberal reforms were german states forced to make
such things as elections, expansion of sufferage, freedom of press, trial by jury
did Frederick William IV of Prussia make reforms
yes, he was forced to
had resisted all reforms until now; he was forced to make reforms
what did the german states decide to do
states and prussian decided to elect delegates (from proffesional class (lawyers and such)
rejected working peoples demands for radical social and economic reform, and from participation in politics process
German Assembly held where
Frankfurt
what was the German Assembly in Frankfurt for
to discuss national unification
what were the 2 problems with the German Assembly in Frankfurt
2 problems;
1st problem: political clubs, demonstrations and rallies, explosion of newspapers, peasant revolt in the countryside
all this unification made the higher ups uneasy and increased the differences in classes
2nd problem; had to make a choice as to what kind of german nation they wanted— they wanted as many german speakers as possible, but was it going to be a “Great Germany” with hapsburgs people— but if you do this then you will also sweep up people who dont want to be in german!
or was it gong to be a “small germany” meaning not to touch the hapsburgs land?
they chose the small germany
“Great Germany” would have included who
hapsburgs people
but if you do this then you will also sweep up people who dont want to be in german!
“small germany” included who
meaning not to touch the hapsburgs land
what did the german states decide on
“small germany”
germany states offered the crown to who
offer of crown to Frederick William IV
why did Frederick William IV reject the crown
he refused the crown
he thought it went against his belief of the divine right of monarchs, as he shouldn’t be ‘chosen’ he was just supposed to be
he wanted to be king but not this way
was the german liberal government crushed
crushing of liberal govts. by force across German states
german revolution over by when
revolution was over by middle of 1848
Revolution reached Vienna when
in March
what was going on in vienna
capitol of austria
with students and workers int he streets building barricades
what happened to Metternich (austria)
he was mentioned in pervious lectures
chief man in hapsburg government
forced to flee to britain and government was forced to make a number of liberal reforms
what is another name for Hungarians
Magyars
who were Hungarians/Magyars
huge group of people in the hapsburg lands
who was Lajos Kossuth
leader of the hungarians
Hungarians/Magyars under Lajos Kossuth declared what
own reforms plus autonomy
Hungarians/Magyars under Lajos Kossuth declared own reforms plus autonomy, but resisted who
Croat and Romanian demands
what did the Czechs want
Czechs sought own autonomy in Bohemia (and to avoid incorporation into Greater Germany)
why did the Czechs avoid incorporation into Greater Germany
many german speakers lived in Czech territory
saw themselves as Slavs and had no desire to be ruled by Croatia or germany or anything
so they set up their own in prague
Austrian crushing of what
Prague
Austrian crushing of Prague uprising happened when
in May
Austrian crushing of Prague uprising in May; restored what
authoritarian rule in Vienna
restored authoritarian rule in Vienna when
Oct
who was the leader of russia
Tsar Nicholas I
who was the leader of hungry
Emperor Franz Josef
with Russian help (Tsar Nicholas I), Emperor Franz Josef did what
finally defeated new Magyar republic, April 1849.
why did Tsar Nicholas I help Emperor Franz Josef
appalled at the idea of a republic at his boarder, he sent an army to help hungary
and the Magyars were then defeated
what all this means was that the forces of reaction prevailed, but failed
liberal radical socialist and nationalist ideologies had not been snuffed out just yet
defeated new Magyar republic when
April 1849
