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U0 History 215 > Lecture 10: 1848 > Flashcards

Lecture 10: 1848 Flashcards

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1
Q

Irish population doubled when

A

1780s-1840s

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2
Q

what did the Irish population double to

A

to 8.2M

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3
Q

what did the irish rely on

A

poptatoes

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4
Q

what was the phytophthora infestans

A

fungus disease that hit the potato crop in ireland

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5
Q

the fungus reduced crop from 14.9M tons to what

A

2M tons

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6
Q

when did the famine in ireland hit

A

1844-7

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7
Q

how many people dies and emigrated when the famine hit

A

1M died, 1M+ emigrated

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8
Q

why didnt the government intervene when ireland was suffering

A

part of great britain
governed from england
england responded poorly mostly because of liberal belief that intervention fo the state would do more harm than good
many many people died from typhus, cholera, etc
about 1 M people died from the famine and 1M more emmigrated
population in ireland dropped 20%
(in relation to potato crisis)

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9
Q

what is anther name for Spring of Nations

A

Year of Revolution

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10
Q

when did “Spring of Nations”/“Year of Revolution” happen

A

1848

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11
Q

what happened in the “Spring of Nations”/“Year of Revolution”

A

most widespread revolutionary wave of history
this years of revolution had many causes; one was the economic crisis
irish famine was a manifestation of the hungry forties
grain harvest failed 2x in a row because of bad weather
not only ireland but also potato growing regions of germany and elsewhere
bread prices doubled and riots broke out

people had less to spend on manufactured goods, people lost jobs as their employers could not support them
banks failed, economic activitiy slowed dramatically
none of this in itself cause evolution, but when the government couldn’t provide relief or they sent in armies to break up riots it made them look incompetent and people lost faith in them

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12
Q

what was the Great Reform Act, 1832

A

made british electoral system more competent and increased number of men in the parliament

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13
Q

when did the Great Reform Act happen

A

1832

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14
Q

did the Great Reform Act include all men

A

still excluded working men from vote

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15
Q

when was the People’s Charter

A

1838

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16
Q

what was the People’s Charter

A

to get working men into the parliament

because the upperclass men were doing things and passing legislation not helping the working men

called for 6 democratic reforms

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17
Q

what were the 6 democratic reforms called for

A

universal manhood suffrage (all males over 21 to vote)
secret ballots— so people could vote freely
no property qualifications for members of parliament so working men could sit in parliament
get this one
equal constituents so all votes could have equal weight
annual elections to keep a check on bribery and intimidation of men in parliament and to hold them to account

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18
Q

who was William Lovett

A

led the people’s charter

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19
Q

Chartist movement peaked when

A

1839, 1842, 1848

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20
Q

Chartist movement coincided with what

A

coincided with periods of economic depression

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21
Q

who was Feargus O’Connor

A

member of the anglo irish land owning classes

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22
Q

chartism in britain was considered what

A

chartism was the largest labour movement in 19c european history as a whole

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23
Q

give a summary of July Monarchy in France

A

Louis Philippe’s govt. elected by 1% of population; François Guizot, “enrichissez-vous”; govt. repression; (caricaturists Charles Philipon, Honoré Daumier); reform banquets; banquet for 22 Feb. 1848 banned, sparking revolution

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24
Q

who was in control in france

A

Louis Philippe’s govt. elected

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25
Q

Louis Philippe’s govt. elected by how many

A

1% of population

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26
Q

why was Louis Philippe’s govt. elected by 1% of population

A

1% could vote

corrupt environment of the banking and industrial elite
didnt incorporate all classes

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27
Q

who was François Guizot

A

leader in the regime

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28
Q

what was François Guizot’s advice

A

“enrichissez-vous”

he gave advice to those who couldn’t vote; go out and make money so you can be in the 1% and vote

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29
Q

what was incorporated with the government repression in france

A

banning of radical organizations and sending in troops

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30
Q

who was Charles Philipon

A

used satire/art to strike back at the repressive government

government didnt like this and they forbid publication of things that went against the king

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31
Q

what is Charles Philipon’s most famous work

A

Honoré Daumier

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32
Q

what were reform banquets (france)

A

political meetings had been banned so they organized a series of banquets
here they drank toasts to reform

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33
Q

what is important about 22 Feb. 1848

A

called for a banquet in paris this date
government banned it
then revolution broke out

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34
Q

who was included in The Wave of Revolutions

A

france
britain and ireland
germany
austria

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35
Q

what was February Revolution in France

A

after the government banned the reform government, reform leader sand student sea workers demonstrated in the streets, national guard refused orders to disperse them, the government then sent in regular troops but they had no training in crowd control and they caused more chaos

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36
Q

how many barricades in france by Feb. 24

A

1,500 barricades

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37
Q

did Louis Philippe stay on throne

A

no, Louis Philippe abdicated

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38
Q

who took over after Louis Philippe

A

provisional govt. of liberals, republicans, socialists

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39
Q

what did the liberals, republicans, socialists declare

A

“Second Republic”
declared a republic

enacted universal male suffrage, freedom of press and speach, etc

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40
Q

when did the liberals, republicans, socialists declare universal male suffrage, freedom of press and speach, etc

A

on the 25 of Feb then enacted universal male suffrage, freedom of press and speach, etc

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41
Q

in france, Socialist demanded what

A

for “right to work”

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42
Q

what is “right to work”

A

demand for the government to give jobs for the unemployed so people could earn a wage

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43
Q

who was Louis Blanc (france)

A

leader in the government
proposed that government set up national workshops and they did

he was head of the lux. commission;

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44
Q

what were National Workshops (france)

A

`so many people went to this, some government parties thought they would form a revolution and have the Terror start again

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45
Q

what were lux. commission (france)

A

workers parliament that studied working and living conditions and proposed reforms

46
Q

why did the National Workshops closed

A

thought they were uneconomic and a serious threat to social order

47
Q

what was June Days (france

A

closing of the workshops trigger this
army was sent in
about 120 000 troops sent in, 3000 dead, uprising was crushed

48
Q

when was June Days

A

June 23-6

49
Q

june days was crushed by who

A

General Louis Eugène Cavaignac

50
Q

with all the unrest, who were the Presidential candidates (france)

A

Cavaignac, Alphonse de Lamartine, Alexandre Ledru-Rollin, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

51
Q

who was Alphonse de Lamartine

A

moderate republican

52
Q

who was Alexandre Ledru-Rollin

A

socialist

53
Q

who was Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

A

new few of the former emperor

had spent most of life in exile

54
Q

how did Napoloen appeal to people

A

he appealed to conservatives as someone who would protect property and rotor order
appealed to those who wanted the glory and greatness of his uncle
appealed to peasants (the vast majority of the people) because he posed as their friend in a book he wrote in 1844

he was one of the first to realize that extending the vote especially to peasants could be good for conservatives rather than radicals

for all these reasons he got more than 2x vote than the other 3 candidates combined
to compare the uncle and nephew; Marx said that all things happens 2x (the first as tragic and the second as farce)

55
Q

how did louis napoleon exploite his power

A

exploited his power by sucking up to some (old age payments) and went against some others

he introduced emergency measures to make himself president for life

56
Q

who was elected (france(

A

louis napoleon, 1844

57
Q

when was The Extinction of Pauperism, written

A

The Extinction of Pauperism, 1844

58
Q

when was the coup d’état (france)

A

1852

59
Q

what was the coup d’état

A

he introduced emergency measures to make himself president for like

and he established the second emperor as himself as the second emperor

ratified by a plebiscite

60
Q

what was louis napoleon’s official title

A

Second Empire, Emperor Napoleon III

61
Q

Chartism in britain and ireland peaked when

A

chartism peaked early 1480 inspired by news from paris

62
Q

what was the Chartist demonstration on Kennington Common, London (britain)

A

this demonstration was not as large as expected; probably because of the intimidating show of force by authorities
estimates of crowd was 20-30 though sand people only

chartist leaders decided not to confront force with force, they stopped the partition

intended to march on parliament with millions of signatures to demand reform

government banned the march, had the duke of wellington to put out forces to stop them

63
Q

when was the Chartist demonstration on Kennington Common, London set for

A

10 April 1848

64
Q

who shut down the Chartist demonstration on Kennington Common, London

A

Duke of Wellington

65
Q

ireland was a centre of resistance to what

A

britain rule

66
Q

what arose in ireland

A

Nationalism in Ireland

67
Q

what were the United Irishmen

A

called for radical reform

crushed by british who responded to the irishmen, they put ireland not their nation as a come back

68
Q

when were the United Irishmen,

A

1790s

69
Q

when was the Act of Union,

A

1801

70
Q

what was the Act of Union

A

UK was brought together (the countries)

71
Q

who was Daniel O’Connell’s

A

aka the liberator (ireland)

72
Q

Daniel O’Connell’s campaigns for what

A

Catholic Emancipation

73
Q

what is Catholic Emancipation

A

catholics could now become members of parliament

movement failed to repeal the act of union and allow ireland to have its own parliament once again

74
Q

when was Catholic Emancipation acheived

A

achieved 1829

75
Q

was Catholic Emancipation repealed

A

yes

76
Q

what was Young Ireland

A

this was a group;

insipred by events on continent decided the time was right for an uprising

77
Q

why was Young Ireland not very successful

A

but they didnt get as big as wanted to because of the famine

78
Q

when was the Young Ireland uprising (even though it was very small, it is still notable)

A

1848

79
Q

Revolution spread from France, reaching Berlin by when

A

mid-March

80
Q

german states were forced to do what

A

make liberal reforms

81
Q

what liberal reforms were german states forced to make

A

such things as elections, expansion of sufferage, freedom of press, trial by jury

82
Q

did Frederick William IV of Prussia make reforms

A

yes, he was forced to

had resisted all reforms until now; he was forced to make reforms

83
Q

what did the german states decide to do

A

states and prussian decided to elect delegates (from proffesional class (lawyers and such)
rejected working peoples demands for radical social and economic reform, and from participation in politics process

84
Q

German Assembly held where

A

Frankfurt

85
Q

what was the German Assembly in Frankfurt for

A

to discuss national unification

86
Q

what were the 2 problems with the German Assembly in Frankfurt

A

2 problems;

1st problem: political clubs, demonstrations and rallies, explosion of newspapers, peasant revolt in the countryside
all this unification made the higher ups uneasy and increased the differences in classes

2nd problem; had to make a choice as to what kind of german nation they wanted— they wanted as many german speakers as possible, but was it going to be a “Great Germany” with hapsburgs people— but if you do this then you will also sweep up people who dont want to be in german!
or was it gong to be a “small germany” meaning not to touch the hapsburgs land?
they chose the small germany

87
Q

“Great Germany” would have included who

A

hapsburgs people

but if you do this then you will also sweep up people who dont want to be in german!

88
Q

“small germany” included who

A

meaning not to touch the hapsburgs land

89
Q

what did the german states decide on

A

“small germany”

90
Q

germany states offered the crown to who

A

offer of crown to Frederick William IV

91
Q

why did Frederick William IV reject the crown

A

he refused the crown

he thought it went against his belief of the divine right of monarchs, as he shouldn’t be ‘chosen’ he was just supposed to be
he wanted to be king but not this way

92
Q

was the german liberal government crushed

A

crushing of liberal govts. by force across German states

93
Q

german revolution over by when

A

revolution was over by middle of 1848

94
Q

Revolution reached Vienna when

A

in March

95
Q

what was going on in vienna

A

capitol of austria

with students and workers int he streets building barricades

96
Q

what happened to Metternich (austria)

A

he was mentioned in pervious lectures
chief man in hapsburg government

forced to flee to britain and government was forced to make a number of liberal reforms

97
Q

what is another name for Hungarians

A

Magyars

98
Q

who were Hungarians/Magyars

A

huge group of people in the hapsburg lands

99
Q

who was Lajos Kossuth

A

leader of the hungarians

100
Q

Hungarians/Magyars under Lajos Kossuth declared what

A

own reforms plus autonomy

101
Q

Hungarians/Magyars under Lajos Kossuth declared own reforms plus autonomy, but resisted who

A

Croat and Romanian demands

102
Q

what did the Czechs want

A

Czechs sought own autonomy in Bohemia (and to avoid incorporation into Greater Germany)

103
Q

why did the Czechs avoid incorporation into Greater Germany

A

many german speakers lived in Czech territory
saw themselves as Slavs and had no desire to be ruled by Croatia or germany or anything
so they set up their own in prague

104
Q

Austrian crushing of what

A

Prague

105
Q

Austrian crushing of Prague uprising happened when

A

in May

106
Q

Austrian crushing of Prague uprising in May; restored what

A

authoritarian rule in Vienna

107
Q

restored authoritarian rule in Vienna when

A

Oct

108
Q

who was the leader of russia

A

Tsar Nicholas I

109
Q

who was the leader of hungry

A

Emperor Franz Josef

110
Q

with Russian help (Tsar Nicholas I), Emperor Franz Josef did what

A

finally defeated new Magyar republic, April 1849.

111
Q

why did Tsar Nicholas I help Emperor Franz Josef

A

appalled at the idea of a republic at his boarder, he sent an army to help hungary

and the Magyars were then defeated

what all this means was that the forces of reaction prevailed, but failed

liberal radical socialist and nationalist ideologies had not been snuffed out just yet

112
Q

defeated new Magyar republic when

A

April 1849

U0 History 215 (9 decks)

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