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U0 History 215 > Lecture 10: 1848 > Flashcards

Lecture 10: 1848 Flashcards

1
Q

Irish population doubled when

A

1780s-1840s

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2
Q

what did the Irish population double to

A

to 8.2M

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3
Q

what did the irish rely on

A

poptatoes

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4
Q

what was the phytophthora infestans

A

fungus disease that hit the potato crop in ireland

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5
Q

the fungus reduced crop from 14.9M tons to what

A

2M tons

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6
Q

when did the famine in ireland hit

A

1844-7

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7
Q

how many people dies and emigrated when the famine hit

A

1M died, 1M+ emigrated

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8
Q

why didnt the government intervene when ireland was suffering

A

part of great britain
governed from england
england responded poorly mostly because of liberal belief that intervention fo the state would do more harm than good
many many people died from typhus, cholera, etc
about 1 M people died from the famine and 1M more emmigrated
population in ireland dropped 20%
(in relation to potato crisis)

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9
Q

what is anther name for Spring of Nations

A

Year of Revolution

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10
Q

when did “Spring of Nations”/“Year of Revolution” happen

A

1848

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11
Q

what happened in the “Spring of Nations”/“Year of Revolution”

A

most widespread revolutionary wave of history
this years of revolution had many causes; one was the economic crisis
irish famine was a manifestation of the hungry forties
grain harvest failed 2x in a row because of bad weather
not only ireland but also potato growing regions of germany and elsewhere
bread prices doubled and riots broke out

people had less to spend on manufactured goods, people lost jobs as their employers could not support them
banks failed, economic activitiy slowed dramatically
none of this in itself cause evolution, but when the government couldn’t provide relief or they sent in armies to break up riots it made them look incompetent and people lost faith in them

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12
Q

what was the Great Reform Act, 1832

A

made british electoral system more competent and increased number of men in the parliament

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13
Q

when did the Great Reform Act happen

A

1832

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14
Q

did the Great Reform Act include all men

A

still excluded working men from vote

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15
Q

when was the People’s Charter

A

1838

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16
Q

what was the People’s Charter

A

to get working men into the parliament

because the upperclass men were doing things and passing legislation not helping the working men

called for 6 democratic reforms

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17
Q

what were the 6 democratic reforms called for

A

universal manhood suffrage (all males over 21 to vote)
secret ballots— so people could vote freely
no property qualifications for members of parliament so working men could sit in parliament
get this one
equal constituents so all votes could have equal weight
annual elections to keep a check on bribery and intimidation of men in parliament and to hold them to account

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18
Q

who was William Lovett

A

led the people’s charter

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19
Q

Chartist movement peaked when

A

1839, 1842, 1848

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20
Q

Chartist movement coincided with what

A

coincided with periods of economic depression

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21
Q

who was Feargus O’Connor

A

member of the anglo irish land owning classes

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22
Q

chartism in britain was considered what

A

chartism was the largest labour movement in 19c european history as a whole

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23
Q

give a summary of July Monarchy in France

A

Louis Philippe’s govt. elected by 1% of population; François Guizot, “enrichissez-vous”; govt. repression; (caricaturists Charles Philipon, Honoré Daumier); reform banquets; banquet for 22 Feb. 1848 banned, sparking revolution

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24
Q

who was in control in france

A

Louis Philippe’s govt. elected

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25
Louis Philippe’s govt. elected by how many
1% of population
26
why was Louis Philippe’s govt. elected by 1% of population
1% could vote corrupt environment of the banking and industrial elite didnt incorporate all classes
27
who was François Guizot
leader in the regime
28
what was François Guizot's advice
“enrichissez-vous” | he gave advice to those who couldn’t vote; go out and make money so you can be in the 1% and vote
29
what was incorporated with the government repression in france
banning of radical organizations and sending in troops
30
who was Charles Philipon
used satire/art to strike back at the repressive government government didnt like this and they forbid publication of things that went against the king
31
what is Charles Philipon's most famous work
Honoré Daumier
32
what were reform banquets (france)
political meetings had been banned so they organized a series of banquets here they drank toasts to reform
33
what is important about 22 Feb. 1848
called for a banquet in paris this date government banned it then revolution broke out
34
who was included in The Wave of Revolutions
france britain and ireland germany austria
35
what was February Revolution in France
after the government banned the reform government, reform leader sand student sea workers demonstrated in the streets, national guard refused orders to disperse them, the government then sent in regular troops but they had no training in crowd control and they caused more chaos
36
how many barricades in france by Feb. 24
1,500 barricades
37
did Louis Philippe stay on throne
no, Louis Philippe abdicated
38
who took over after Louis Philippe
provisional govt. of liberals, republicans, socialists
39
what did the liberals, republicans, socialists declare
“Second Republic” declared a republic enacted universal male suffrage, freedom of press and speach, etc
40
when did the liberals, republicans, socialists declare universal male suffrage, freedom of press and speach, etc
on the 25 of Feb then enacted universal male suffrage, freedom of press and speach, etc
41
in france, Socialist demanded what
for “right to work”
42
what is “right to work”
demand for the government to give jobs for the unemployed so people could earn a wage
43
who was Louis Blanc (france)
leader in the government proposed that government set up national workshops and they did he was head of the lux. commission;
44
what were National Workshops (france)
`so many people went to this, some government parties thought they would form a revolution and have the Terror start again
45
what were lux. commission (france)
workers parliament that studied working and living conditions and proposed reforms
46
why did the National Workshops closed
thought they were uneconomic and a serious threat to social order
47
what was June Days (france
closing of the workshops trigger this army was sent in about 120 000 troops sent in, 3000 dead, uprising was crushed
48
when was June Days
June 23-6
49
june days was crushed by who
General Louis Eugène Cavaignac
50
with all the unrest, who were the Presidential candidates (france)
Cavaignac, Alphonse de Lamartine, Alexandre Ledru-Rollin, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
51
who was Alphonse de Lamartine
moderate republican
52
who was Alexandre Ledru-Rollin
socialist
53
who was Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
new few of the former emperor had spent most of life in exile
54
how did Napoloen appeal to people
he appealed to conservatives as someone who would protect property and rotor order appealed to those who wanted the glory and greatness of his uncle appealed to peasants (the vast majority of the people) because he posed as their friend in a book he wrote in 1844 he was one of the first to realize that extending the vote especially to peasants could be good for conservatives rather than radicals for all these reasons he got more than 2x vote than the other 3 candidates combined to compare the uncle and nephew; Marx said that all things happens 2x (the first as tragic and the second as farce)
55
how did louis napoleon exploite his power
exploited his power by sucking up to some (old age payments) and went against some others he introduced emergency measures to make himself president for life
56
who was elected (france(
louis napoleon, 1844
57
when was The Extinction of Pauperism, written
The Extinction of Pauperism, 1844
58
when was the coup d’état (france)
1852
59
what was the coup d’état
he introduced emergency measures to make himself president for like and he established the second emperor as himself as the second emperor ratified by a plebiscite
60
what was louis napoleon's official title
Second Empire, Emperor Napoleon III
61
Chartism in britain and ireland peaked when
chartism peaked early 1480 inspired by news from paris
62
what was the Chartist demonstration on Kennington Common, London (britain)
this demonstration was not as large as expected; probably because of the intimidating show of force by authorities estimates of crowd was 20-30 though sand people only chartist leaders decided not to confront force with force, they stopped the partition intended to march on parliament with millions of signatures to demand reform government banned the march, had the duke of wellington to put out forces to stop them
63
when was the Chartist demonstration on Kennington Common, London set for
10 April 1848
64
who shut down the Chartist demonstration on Kennington Common, London
Duke of Wellington
65
ireland was a centre of resistance to what
britain rule
66
what arose in ireland
Nationalism in Ireland
67
what were the United Irishmen
called for radical reform | crushed by british who responded to the irishmen, they put ireland not their nation as a come back
68
when were the United Irishmen,
1790s
69
when was the Act of Union,
1801
70
what was the Act of Union
UK was brought together (the countries)
71
who was Daniel O’Connell’s
aka the liberator (ireland)
72
Daniel O’Connell’s campaigns for what
Catholic Emancipation
73
what is Catholic Emancipation
catholics could now become members of parliament movement failed to repeal the act of union and allow ireland to have its own parliament once again
74
when was Catholic Emancipation acheived
achieved 1829
75
was Catholic Emancipation repealed
yes
76
what was Young Ireland
this was a group; | insipred by events on continent decided the time was right for an uprising
77
why was Young Ireland not very successful
but they didnt get as big as wanted to because of the famine
78
when was the Young Ireland uprising (even though it was very small, it is still notable)
1848
79
Revolution spread from France, reaching Berlin by when
mid-March
80
german states were forced to do what
make liberal reforms
81
what liberal reforms were german states forced to make
such things as elections, expansion of sufferage, freedom of press, trial by jury
82
did Frederick William IV of Prussia make reforms
yes, he was forced to had resisted all reforms until now; he was forced to make reforms
83
what did the german states decide to do
states and prussian decided to elect delegates (from proffesional class (lawyers and such) rejected working peoples demands for radical social and economic reform, and from participation in politics process
84
German Assembly held where
Frankfurt
85
what was the German Assembly in Frankfurt for
to discuss national unification
86
what were the 2 problems with the German Assembly in Frankfurt
2 problems; 1st problem: political clubs, demonstrations and rallies, explosion of newspapers, peasant revolt in the countryside all this unification made the higher ups uneasy and increased the differences in classes 2nd problem; had to make a choice as to what kind of german nation they wanted— they wanted as many german speakers as possible, but was it going to be a “Great Germany” with hapsburgs people— but if you do this then you will also sweep up people who dont want to be in german! or was it gong to be a "small germany" meaning not to touch the hapsburgs land? they chose the small germany
87
“Great Germany” would have included who
hapsburgs people but if you do this then you will also sweep up people who dont want to be in german!
88
"small germany" included who
meaning not to touch the hapsburgs land
89
what did the german states decide on
"small germany"
90
germany states offered the crown to who
offer of crown to Frederick William IV
91
why did Frederick William IV reject the crown
he refused the crown he thought it went against his belief of the divine right of monarchs, as he shouldn’t be ‘chosen’ he was just supposed to be he wanted to be king but not this way
92
was the german liberal government crushed
crushing of liberal govts. by force across German states
93
german revolution over by when
revolution was over by middle of 1848
94
Revolution reached Vienna when
in March
95
what was going on in vienna
capitol of austria with students and workers int he streets building barricades
96
what happened to Metternich (austria)
he was mentioned in pervious lectures chief man in hapsburg government forced to flee to britain and government was forced to make a number of liberal reforms
97
what is another name for Hungarians
Magyars
98
who were Hungarians/Magyars
huge group of people in the hapsburg lands
99
who was Lajos Kossuth
leader of the hungarians
100
Hungarians/Magyars under Lajos Kossuth declared what
own reforms plus autonomy
101
Hungarians/Magyars under Lajos Kossuth declared own reforms plus autonomy, but resisted who
Croat and Romanian demands
102
what did the Czechs want
Czechs sought own autonomy in Bohemia (and to avoid incorporation into Greater Germany)
103
why did the Czechs avoid incorporation into Greater Germany
many german speakers lived in Czech territory saw themselves as Slavs and had no desire to be ruled by Croatia or germany or anything so they set up their own in prague
104
Austrian crushing of what
Prague
105
Austrian crushing of Prague uprising happened when
in May
106
Austrian crushing of Prague uprising in May; restored what
authoritarian rule in Vienna
107
restored authoritarian rule in Vienna when
Oct
108
who was the leader of russia
Tsar Nicholas I
109
who was the leader of hungry
Emperor Franz Josef
110
with Russian help (Tsar Nicholas I), Emperor Franz Josef did what
finally defeated new Magyar republic, April 1849.
111
why did Tsar Nicholas I help Emperor Franz Josef
appalled at the idea of a republic at his boarder, he sent an army to help hungary and the Magyars were then defeated what all this means was that the forces of reaction prevailed, but failed liberal radical socialist and nationalist ideologies had not been snuffed out just yet
112
defeated new Magyar republic when
April 1849

U0 History 215 (9 decks)

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