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U0 History 215 > Lecture 6: napoleonic Europe > Flashcards

Lecture 6: napoleonic Europe Flashcards

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1
Q

what was Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture; Battle of Borodino

A

inspired by epic battle at borendino, village near moscow between russian and invading french army of napoleon
this was a song

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2
Q

how many phases of the french revolution were there

A

3

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3
Q

what were the goals of the revolution

A

liberté, egalité, fraternité

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4
Q

what was included in liberte

A

liberty
individual rights of speech, religion, association and so on
as well as freedom from arbitrary authority

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5
Q

what was influded in egalité

A

equality
abolition of legal distinctions of rank between european men (not economic equality or racial equality or sexual equality despite powerful women voices— women weren’t given the vote)

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6
Q

what was included in fraternite

A

brotherhood
the way in which revolutionary enthusiasm spread through society
people dressed each other as citizen, wore the red cap of liberty
meant endless and passionate discussion and debate in new political clubs and groups
also meant popular expression of the new order; festivals of Reason
also meant patriotic loyalty to the nation (this was a new term)
a nation of citizens, not as formerly, subjects of a king
a nation of citizens banned together to ward of foreign invaders
this resulted in new term as well called nationalism

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7
Q

what was a new terms during this time

A

nationalism

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8
Q

what is nationalism

A

meant patriotic loyalty to the nation (this was a new term)
a nation of citizens, not as formerly, subjects of a king
a nation of citizens banned together to ward of foreign invaders
this resulted in new term as well called nationalism

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9
Q

what did Olympe de Gouge do

A

wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen

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10
Q

what did Mary Wollstonecraft do

A

wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

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11
Q

who are two main figures (female) in the revolution

A

Olympe de Gouge and Mary Wollstonecraft

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12
Q

when was phase 3

A

1794-9

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13
Q

what are Thermidorians

A

used in revolutionary calendar
thermidorian were people who had moved away from robespierre
they stoped executions and broke up problematic groups

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14
Q

what did Thermidorians do

A

backed away from the Terror; closed Jacobin clubs; new constitution, 1795; set up Directory

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15
Q

what was the directory

A

5 men

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16
Q

how was the directory chosen

A

chosen by legislature

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17
Q

give a brief overview of napoleon’s early life

A

to a minor noble family
spoke french with accent, never learned to spell properly
educated at a paris school, during revolution attatched himself to the Jacobins

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18
Q

what was napoleon’s first victory and what did it result in

A

first military victory was capture of port Toulon and this earned him promotion to a higher general at a young age of early 20s

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19
Q

when did napoleon capture Toulon

A

1793

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20
Q

when was “whiff of grapeshot”

A

13 Vendémiaire (5 Oct., 1795)

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21
Q

what is “whiff of grapeshot”

A

grapeshot is a type of ammunition used in cannon

napoleon repelled the attackers of the Toulon palace, left about 1400 royalists dead and the rest fled

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22
Q

what is the summary of “whiff of grapeshot”

A

napoleon crushed attempted royalist coup

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23
Q

what were the Policies of Directory

A

tried to get a middle ground between royalists (the right) and the left

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24
Q

who is Gracchus Babeuf’s

A

one of few revolutionary socialists

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25
Q

what was the crushing of Gracchus Babeuf’s rebellion

A

directory put down a plot set by him to bring order

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26
Q

when was the crushing of Gracchus Babeuf’s rebellion

A

1796

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27
Q

how did napoleon make a name for himself

A

made his name during the wars that the Directory kept having to fight during their years

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28
Q

where did napoleon have campaigns

A

Italy and Egypt

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29
Q

did napoleon conquer italy and egypt

A

napoleon conquered these

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30
Q

why did napoleon conquered egypt

A

in attempt to disrupt british trade with india, he conquered egypt: in this fight he proved himself as a master of propaganda

but this didnt really turn out well

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31
Q

what did Horatio Nelson’s victory at Aboukir bay (Battle of the Nile) do

A

destroyed napoleon

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32
Q

what happened in the battle of nile

A

destroyed napoleon

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33
Q

when did the battle of nile happen

A

Aug. 1798

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34
Q

what happened to napoleon when Horatio Nelson had his victory

A

objections in egypt failed as this Nelson guy won and forced him to find his own way back to france

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35
Q

what did Abbe Sieyes do

A

led a coup

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36
Q

who is Abbe Sieyes

A

he was one of the 2 who led the tennis court oath

one of the Directors

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37
Q

why did Abbe enlist bonepart

A

he enlisted bonepart in a plot to replace the directory with a more authoritarian regime
aka to establish a Consulate

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38
Q

when did Abbe lead the coup

A

18 Brumaire (9 Nov. 1799)

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39
Q

what is a Consulate

A

3 man exec. authority

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40
Q

what was napoleon’s role in the Consulate

A

Bonaparte as First Consul

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41
Q

why did the people of france want a consulate

A

strong, popular leader who was not a king

acceptable to many republicans who were seeking order and stability

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42
Q

did the consulate last

A

within a year he pushed the other 2 execs. aside and was the sole ruler of france

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43
Q

why was napoleon such a revolutionary symbol

A

was product of a revolutions promise for equal opportunity

the notion that able men would be able to rise to the top in spite of their background
before the revolution people of same background as napoleon could only raise so far, as there was a monetary price to pay to move higher and higher in the ranks

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44
Q

what was napoleon’s goal

A

maintain the goals of revolution but have order

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45
Q

what were the 7 main things that napoleon did

A 
Consolidation of his power
Reorganization of state
Orderly and fair tax system
Napoleonic Code
Creation of lycées etc
Affirmed confiscation of property
Concordat with the Pope
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46
Q

how did napoleon have Consolidation of his power

A

new constitution; resort to plebiscites; crowned himself emperor of the French, 1804

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47
Q

what was part of napoleon’s new constitution

A

established universal male suffrage
all males over 21 could vote
at same time maintained power of legislation

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48
Q

what was resort to plebiscites

A

popular votes to bypass politicians and legislators that disagreed with him (often rigged though)

had a plebiscite ratify a republic
had a plebiscite allow for his crowning as emperor

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49
Q

when did napoleon crown himself emporer of the french

A

1804

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50
Q

did napoleon make an image for himself?

A

yes, similar to that of Louis the 14th

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51
Q

what was included in Reorganization of state

A

confirmed abolition of estates and privileges; careers open to talent; centralization (prefects and subprefects)

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52
Q

what was centralization

A

reversed early stage of revolution
appointed people himself to positions in power
(prefects and sub prefects)

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53
Q

what was the Orderly and fair tax system

A

no tax exemptions
succeeded in making more efficient tax system

he also halted inflation that had crippled the government before him

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54
Q

what was the Napoleonic Code

A

created one uniform law, confirmed abolition of privileges, gave property rights, confirmed natural state of men in marriage and subordination of women in marriage

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55
Q

what was the Creation of lycées etc

A 
high schools 
in every major town
to train civil servant 
trained teachers
created university

all in order to created opportunity based on talent and not privilege

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56
Q

what did the Creation of lycées etc help to do

A

helped confirm power of new elite of “notables”

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57
Q

what are “notables”

A 
drawn from all 3 states 
meant that members of 3rd estate could be part of new class of notables
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58
Q

what was Affirmed confiscation of property

A

Affirmed confiscation of property of Church and noble émigrés

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59
Q

what was émigrés

A

aristocrats that had fled the country

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60
Q

what was the countries most important economic reform

A

Affirmed confiscation of property of Church and noble émigrés

61
Q

what did the Affirmed confiscation of property of Church and noble émigrés do

A

assured that rural and low classes who purchased properties would support him and his regime in the future

62
Q

when was the Concordat with the Pope

A

1801

63
Q

what did the Concordat with the Pope do

A

made peace with catholic church

under this agreement the pope succeeded
freedom maintained
members on salary of government
another very important part I cant remember, figure it out

64
Q

what was the New trinity (instead of Liberty, equality and fraternity0

A

Order, hierarchy, property

65
Q

what is meant by the fact that fence became a police state

A

much censorship

66
Q

despite his police state, how did napoleon maintain order when he basically went against what some of the revolution stood for

A

balancing of interests to ensure support

maintained enough of revolution’s goals that napoleon could maintain widespread support

67
Q

how many phases of The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

A

4

68
Q

when did phase 1 of the The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars happen

A

1792-7

69
Q

what happened during phase 1 of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

A

Declaration of Pillnitz, 1791; Battle of Valmy, 20 Sept. 1792; War of the First Coalition (Pitt the Younger); French levée en masse and push back; Batavian Republic; Treaty of Campo Formio, 1796; Cisalpine and Ligurian Republics

70
Q

when did the Declaration of Pillnitz happen

A

1791

71
Q

what was the Declaration of Pillnitz

A

austrian declaration

france then declared war on both countries

72
Q

who declared the Pillnitz

A

austrian

73
Q

what battle did french forces turned back the invading armies

A

in the battle of Valmy

74
Q

what happened in the battle of Valmy

A

french declared war and turned the opposing side of austria back as they occupied their territory
by november, france occupied austrian

75
Q

austria’s netherlands is the equivalent of todays _____

A

belgium

76
Q

in respons to the battle of Vimy, what did other countries do

A

formed the first coalition

77
Q

who was in the first coalition

A

austria, prussia, spain, the dutch republic, portugal and GB

78
Q

when was the battle of vimy

A

20 Sept. 1792

79
Q

who led the first coalition

A

Pitt the Younger

80
Q

at the declaration of the first coalition, what did the french do

A

declared a levée en masse

81
Q

what was the levée en masse

A

a huge patriotically fired-up army of people
bigger than any other european army of the time
this was the french revolution’s main military accomplishment
well beyond what other european armies could match

82
Q

was the levée en masse successful

A

the french defeated all allies at every front, pushed to amsterdam
they forced prussia out of the coalition and they set up the french republic regime (aka the Balkavian Republic)

83
Q

what is the Balkavian Republic

A

the french forced prussia out of the coalition and they set up the french republic regime (aka the Balkavian Republic)

84
Q

when did the Treaty of Campo Formio, happen

A

1796

85
Q

what was the Treaty of Campo Formio

A

austria gave up the austria netherlands which was then incorporated into the french republic and they recognized the new french-created republics in northern italy (aka Cisalpine and Ligurian Republics)

86
Q

the new french-created republics where where

A

in Cisalpine and Ligurian (Republics)

87
Q

when did phase 2 of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars happen

A

1798-1802

88
Q

what happened in the phase 2 of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

A

War of the Second Coalition; defeat in Egypt; Battles of Marengo (14 June 1800) and Hohenlinden (3 Dec.); Treaty of Lunéville, 9 Feb. 1801; Treaty of Amiens, March 1802.
–Slave revolt

89
Q

who was in the Second Coalition

A

britain, russian, austria, ottoman empire, portugal, naples

90
Q

was napoleon defeated during phase 2?

A

Napoleon’s one major set back during this time was his failure in egypt (as we have seen) but french defeated the russians soon after

91
Q

when did Battles of Marengo happen

A

(14 June 1800)

92
Q

what happened in the Battles of Marengo

A

french defeated austrians here

93
Q

what happened in the Hohenlinden battle

A

also defeated the austrians and russians here

94
Q

when did the Hohenlinden battle happen

A

3 Dec 1800

95
Q

what forced both the russians and austrians out of the 2nd coalition

A

Battles of Marengo (14 June 1800) and Hohenlinden (3 Dec.)

96
Q

when did the Treaty of Lunéville, happen

A

9 Feb. 1801

97
Q

what happened in the Treaty of Lunéville

A

austrians signed this treaty which left french the dominate power of the continent
the british fought for another year after that

98
Q

when did the Treaty of Amiens, happen

A

March 1802

99
Q

what happened in the Treaty of Amiens

A

british came to terms with the french here
under this treaty, GB recognized the french republic for the first time
europe at peace for the first time in 14 months, this was the longest period of peace between 92-14

100
Q

during the period of peace, what was going on outside of europe

A

Slave revolt in St-Domingue, led by Toussaint Louverture; abolition of slavery in French colonies, 1794; failure of French expedition, 1802-3; Louisiana Purchase, 180

101
Q

what was inspired by the french revolution

A

Slave revolt in St-Domingue

102
Q

St-Domingue is todays _____

A

Haiti

103
Q

who led the slave revolt

A

Toussaint Louverture

104
Q

the slave revolt was successful, but what was still going on

A

most radical phase of revolution
but the slaves were able to abolish slavery

however the struggle for power remained even after this, as the spanish, british and americans intervined and it was a battle of the former black slaves against the free mixed-race peoples

105
Q

abolition of slavery in French colonies happened when

A

1794

106
Q

what was the failure of French expedition

A

napoleon failed when he tried to take back the power mostly because a mass amount of his troops fell to yellow fever
however Toussain was captured and transported back to france but died enroute

independent struggle continued and french withdrew in 1803

107
Q

was the slave revolt a success

A

about 1/3 of haitians died in this struggle
but they did succeed in transforming the worlds first slave rebellion into a victorious anti colonial war for independence

108
Q

how did the slave revolt have consequences in North America

A

all of this had major consequences in NA because napoleon had intended that the vast louisiana territory (which had been given to france by spain in 1800) would provide food and supplies for an expanded plantation economy in St-Domingue (as this was the best for sugar plantations in the world)
with St gone, no longer part of the french empire, napoleon no longer needed lofuissiana

109
Q

when was the Louisiana Purchase,

A

1803

110
Q

how much did napoleon sell louisiana for and what did the sale do

A

sold to americans by napoleon for 15 million dollars

this purchase over doubled the existing american territory

111
Q

when did phase 3 of The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars happen

A

1804-12

112
Q

when was the third coalition formed

A

1805—

113
Q

who was in the 3rd coalition

A

britain austria and russian formed a third coalition

114
Q

why was Trafalgar important

A

napoleon planned to invade britain, but was stopped by a naval victory at this battle

in spite of this, these were years of massive victories on land for the french army

115
Q

when did the battle of Trafalgar, happen

A

21 Oct. 1805

116
Q

when did Austerlitz,happen

A

2 Dec

117
Q

what was included in phase 3 of The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

A

: Trafalgar, 21 Oct. 1805; Austerlitz, 2 Dec.; Jena 1806, Friedland 1807; abolition of Holy Roman Empire, replaced by Confederation of the Rhine, 1806; introduction of gains of revolution to conquered territories–but taxes, conscription and failure of Continental System, 1806 (countered by Britain’s Orders in Council) provoked counter-nationalisms; Peninsular War–resistance of Sir Arthur Wellesley (Duke of Wellington) and guerrilla warfare of Spanish people; (Francisco Goya).

118
Q

what happened in Austerlitz

A

french crushed austrian and russian forces here

119
Q

when did the battle of Jena happen

A

1806

120
Q

what happened in the battle of Jena

A

french crushed the new coalition member, prussia, here

121
Q

when did the battle of Friedland happen

A

1807

122
Q

what happened in the battle of Friedland

A

french crushed the russians again at this battle

123
Q

what was important about the abolition of Holy Roman Empire

A

had endured for 1000 years, napoleon crushed it and reorganized it’s 300 states into 33 states in the new confederation of the Rhine

124
Q

what was the Holy Roman Empire turned into

A

reorganized it’s 300 states into 33 states in the new confederation of the Rhine

125
Q

when was the abolition of Holy Roman Empire

A

1806

126
Q

what was the introduction of gains of revolution

A

such as the napoleonic code, abolition of sensorial dues and careers open to talent

127
Q

did the introduction of gains of revolution help napoleon

A

these new introductions won him many admirers but it didnt take long for opposition to grow partly because of the imposition of taxes and conscription for his armies and because of the failure of his economic warfare

128
Q

why did people oppose napoleon

A

taxes, conscription and failure of Continental System

129
Q

when was the failure of Continental System

A

1806

130
Q

what was the failure of Continental System

A

beginning of economic warfare failure was this
this was an attempt to cut off trade between britain and europe
but the brits responded to this in kind with the Orders in Council which blocked ships bound for french ports
b of the brits command of the seas and ability to trade with their colonies, they faired much better in this economic warfare struggle than the french
and the means that trade in continental europe stagnated

131
Q

what countered the continental system

A

Britain’s Orders in Council

132
Q

what was the counter-nationalism

A

among germans, italians and others had this counter-nationalisms
to resist french nationalism

133
Q

what was the Peninsular War and what started it

A

crucial moment in his downfall was when napoleon overthrew the spanish king, appointed his brother joseph to the throne and instituted the same kind of reforms that he had instituted elsewhere
but he met resistance this time from he spanish people who had particularly resented his interference with the catholic church
and this resistance buy the spanish was exploited by a british force (led by Sir Arthur)

this was all the beginning of the Peninsular war
which included regular army fighting and guerrilla warfare

134
Q

Sir Arthur Wellesley later gained the title of what

A

Duke of Wellington

135
Q

what was the first real indication that napoleon could be beaten

A

the failure to quell this opposition in spain was the first real indication that napoleon could be beaten and this helped to stimulate resistance elsewhere

136
Q

who was Francisco Goya

A

artist who depicted the warfare greatly in his work

137
Q

when did phase 4 of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars happen

A

1812-14

138
Q

what happened in the past 4 of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

A

march of Grand Armée on Russia, 1812; failure of campaign; new allied coalition and Battle of the Nations, Leipzig, Oct. 1813; 31 March 1814, Alexander I of Russia & Frederick William III of Prussia entered Paris; Napoleon exiled to Elba; restoration of Louis XVIII.

139
Q

when was the march of Grand Armée on Russia

A

1812

140
Q

what was the march of Grand Armée and how did it lead to napoleon’s downfall

A

napoleon’s final undoing came when he decided to invade russia to complete his conquest of continental europe
napoleon collected a grand arme of 600 thousand and set out for russian
but this time, the russians refused to take a stand, they drew the french further and further into the heart of the country, stretching french supply lines
the only major engagement was the blood battle at norandina— both sides lost so many but the difference was that the russians could replace their casualties and the french could not as they were in russian territory

napoleon then pushed to moscow looking for food and stuff but the russians had burned down moscow before he could get there
napoleon had no choice but to retreat through the depths of russian winter
the exhausted army failed as they weren’t accustomed to the weather

1/2 million french soldiers dead or captured

141
Q

who was in the new coalition of the phase 4

A

prussian, russia, austria sweden and GB

got armies that outnumbered that of the french

142
Q

what was the Battle of the Nations

A

this was the last battle

french defeated, allied armies won

143
Q

where was the Battle of the Nations

A

leipzig

144
Q

when was the Battle of the Nations

A

Oct. 1813

145
Q

Alexander I of Russia & Frederick William III of Prussia entered Paris when

A

31 March 1814

146
Q

what is so important about the fact that Alexander I of Russia & Frederick William III of Prussia entered Paris

A

combined armies crossed the riverine into france and defeated napoleon once and for all

147
Q

where was napoleon exiled to

A

Elba

148
Q

who was put in charge of france when napoleon was exiled

A

restoration of Louis XVIII (18th)

149
Q

what happened to louis 17

A

18th

he was the brother of the executed louis the 16
what happened to 17th? well 16th had a son that didnt make it through the revolution, and was never crowned, so 18th took the name of 18th as a nod to the dead son

U0 History 215 (9 decks)

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