Lecture 6: napoleonic Europe Flashcards
what was Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture; Battle of Borodino
inspired by epic battle at borendino, village near moscow between russian and invading french army of napoleon
this was a song
how many phases of the french revolution were there
3
what were the goals of the revolution
liberté, egalité, fraternité
what was included in liberte
liberty
individual rights of speech, religion, association and so on
as well as freedom from arbitrary authority
what was influded in egalité
equality
abolition of legal distinctions of rank between european men (not economic equality or racial equality or sexual equality despite powerful women voices— women weren’t given the vote)
what was included in fraternite
brotherhood
the way in which revolutionary enthusiasm spread through society
people dressed each other as citizen, wore the red cap of liberty
meant endless and passionate discussion and debate in new political clubs and groups
also meant popular expression of the new order; festivals of Reason
also meant patriotic loyalty to the nation (this was a new term)
a nation of citizens, not as formerly, subjects of a king
a nation of citizens banned together to ward of foreign invaders
this resulted in new term as well called nationalism
what was a new terms during this time
nationalism
what is nationalism
meant patriotic loyalty to the nation (this was a new term)
a nation of citizens, not as formerly, subjects of a king
a nation of citizens banned together to ward of foreign invaders
this resulted in new term as well called nationalism
what did Olympe de Gouge do
wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen
what did Mary Wollstonecraft do
wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
who are two main figures (female) in the revolution
Olympe de Gouge and Mary Wollstonecraft
when was phase 3
1794-9
what are Thermidorians
used in revolutionary calendar
thermidorian were people who had moved away from robespierre
they stoped executions and broke up problematic groups
what did Thermidorians do
backed away from the Terror; closed Jacobin clubs; new constitution, 1795; set up Directory
what was the directory
5 men
how was the directory chosen
chosen by legislature
give a brief overview of napoleon’s early life
to a minor noble family
spoke french with accent, never learned to spell properly
educated at a paris school, during revolution attatched himself to the Jacobins
what was napoleon’s first victory and what did it result in
first military victory was capture of port Toulon and this earned him promotion to a higher general at a young age of early 20s
when did napoleon capture Toulon
1793
when was “whiff of grapeshot”
13 Vendémiaire (5 Oct., 1795)
what is “whiff of grapeshot”
grapeshot is a type of ammunition used in cannon
napoleon repelled the attackers of the Toulon palace, left about 1400 royalists dead and the rest fled
what is the summary of “whiff of grapeshot”
napoleon crushed attempted royalist coup
what were the Policies of Directory
tried to get a middle ground between royalists (the right) and the left
who is Gracchus Babeuf’s
one of few revolutionary socialists
what was the crushing of Gracchus Babeuf’s rebellion
directory put down a plot set by him to bring order
when was the crushing of Gracchus Babeuf’s rebellion
1796
how did napoleon make a name for himself
made his name during the wars that the Directory kept having to fight during their years
where did napoleon have campaigns
Italy and Egypt
did napoleon conquer italy and egypt
napoleon conquered these
why did napoleon conquered egypt
in attempt to disrupt british trade with india, he conquered egypt: in this fight he proved himself as a master of propaganda
but this didnt really turn out well
what did Horatio Nelson’s victory at Aboukir bay (Battle of the Nile) do
destroyed napoleon
what happened in the battle of nile
destroyed napoleon
when did the battle of nile happen
Aug. 1798
what happened to napoleon when Horatio Nelson had his victory
objections in egypt failed as this Nelson guy won and forced him to find his own way back to france
what did Abbe Sieyes do
led a coup
who is Abbe Sieyes
he was one of the 2 who led the tennis court oath
one of the Directors
why did Abbe enlist bonepart
he enlisted bonepart in a plot to replace the directory with a more authoritarian regime
aka to establish a Consulate
when did Abbe lead the coup
18 Brumaire (9 Nov. 1799)
what is a Consulate
3 man exec. authority
what was napoleon’s role in the Consulate
Bonaparte as First Consul
why did the people of france want a consulate
strong, popular leader who was not a king
acceptable to many republicans who were seeking order and stability
did the consulate last
within a year he pushed the other 2 execs. aside and was the sole ruler of france
why was napoleon such a revolutionary symbol
was product of a revolutions promise for equal opportunity
the notion that able men would be able to rise to the top in spite of their background
before the revolution people of same background as napoleon could only raise so far, as there was a monetary price to pay to move higher and higher in the ranks
what was napoleon’s goal
maintain the goals of revolution but have order
what were the 7 main things that napoleon did
Consolidation of his power Reorganization of state Orderly and fair tax system Napoleonic Code Creation of lycées etc Affirmed confiscation of property Concordat with the Pope
how did napoleon have Consolidation of his power
new constitution; resort to plebiscites; crowned himself emperor of the French, 1804
what was part of napoleon’s new constitution
established universal male suffrage
all males over 21 could vote
at same time maintained power of legislation
what was resort to plebiscites
popular votes to bypass politicians and legislators that disagreed with him (often rigged though)
had a plebiscite ratify a republic
had a plebiscite allow for his crowning as emperor
when did napoleon crown himself emporer of the french
1804
did napoleon make an image for himself?
yes, similar to that of Louis the 14th
what was included in Reorganization of state
confirmed abolition of estates and privileges; careers open to talent; centralization (prefects and subprefects)
what was centralization
reversed early stage of revolution
appointed people himself to positions in power
(prefects and sub prefects)
what was the Orderly and fair tax system
no tax exemptions
succeeded in making more efficient tax system
he also halted inflation that had crippled the government before him
what was the Napoleonic Code
created one uniform law, confirmed abolition of privileges, gave property rights, confirmed natural state of men in marriage and subordination of women in marriage
what was the Creation of lycées etc
high schools in every major town to train civil servant trained teachers created university
all in order to created opportunity based on talent and not privilege
what did the Creation of lycées etc help to do
helped confirm power of new elite of “notables”
what are “notables”
drawn from all 3 states meant that members of 3rd estate could be part of new class of notables
what was Affirmed confiscation of property
Affirmed confiscation of property of Church and noble émigrés
what was émigrés
aristocrats that had fled the country
what was the countries most important economic reform
Affirmed confiscation of property of Church and noble émigrés
what did the Affirmed confiscation of property of Church and noble émigrés do
assured that rural and low classes who purchased properties would support him and his regime in the future
when was the Concordat with the Pope
1801
what did the Concordat with the Pope do
made peace with catholic church
under this agreement the pope succeeded
freedom maintained
members on salary of government
another very important part I cant remember, figure it out
what was the New trinity (instead of Liberty, equality and fraternity0
Order, hierarchy, property
what is meant by the fact that fence became a police state
much censorship
despite his police state, how did napoleon maintain order when he basically went against what some of the revolution stood for
balancing of interests to ensure support
maintained enough of revolution’s goals that napoleon could maintain widespread support
how many phases of The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
4
when did phase 1 of the The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars happen
1792-7
what happened during phase 1 of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
Declaration of Pillnitz, 1791; Battle of Valmy, 20 Sept. 1792; War of the First Coalition (Pitt the Younger); French levée en masse and push back; Batavian Republic; Treaty of Campo Formio, 1796; Cisalpine and Ligurian Republics
when did the Declaration of Pillnitz happen
1791
what was the Declaration of Pillnitz
austrian declaration
france then declared war on both countries
who declared the Pillnitz
austrian
what battle did french forces turned back the invading armies
in the battle of Valmy
what happened in the battle of Valmy
french declared war and turned the opposing side of austria back as they occupied their territory
by november, france occupied austrian
austria’s netherlands is the equivalent of todays _____
belgium
in respons to the battle of Vimy, what did other countries do
formed the first coalition
who was in the first coalition
austria, prussia, spain, the dutch republic, portugal and GB
when was the battle of vimy
20 Sept. 1792
who led the first coalition
Pitt the Younger
at the declaration of the first coalition, what did the french do
declared a levée en masse
what was the levée en masse
a huge patriotically fired-up army of people
bigger than any other european army of the time
this was the french revolution’s main military accomplishment
well beyond what other european armies could match
was the levée en masse successful
the french defeated all allies at every front, pushed to amsterdam
they forced prussia out of the coalition and they set up the french republic regime (aka the Balkavian Republic)
what is the Balkavian Republic
the french forced prussia out of the coalition and they set up the french republic regime (aka the Balkavian Republic)
when did the Treaty of Campo Formio, happen
1796
what was the Treaty of Campo Formio
austria gave up the austria netherlands which was then incorporated into the french republic and they recognized the new french-created republics in northern italy (aka Cisalpine and Ligurian Republics)
the new french-created republics where where
in Cisalpine and Ligurian (Republics)
when did phase 2 of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars happen
1798-1802
what happened in the phase 2 of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
War of the Second Coalition; defeat in Egypt; Battles of Marengo (14 June 1800) and Hohenlinden (3 Dec.); Treaty of Lunéville, 9 Feb. 1801; Treaty of Amiens, March 1802.
–Slave revolt
who was in the Second Coalition
britain, russian, austria, ottoman empire, portugal, naples
was napoleon defeated during phase 2?
Napoleon’s one major set back during this time was his failure in egypt (as we have seen) but french defeated the russians soon after
when did Battles of Marengo happen
(14 June 1800)
what happened in the Battles of Marengo
french defeated austrians here
what happened in the Hohenlinden battle
also defeated the austrians and russians here
when did the Hohenlinden battle happen
3 Dec 1800
what forced both the russians and austrians out of the 2nd coalition
Battles of Marengo (14 June 1800) and Hohenlinden (3 Dec.)
when did the Treaty of Lunéville, happen
9 Feb. 1801
what happened in the Treaty of Lunéville
austrians signed this treaty which left french the dominate power of the continent
the british fought for another year after that
when did the Treaty of Amiens, happen
March 1802
what happened in the Treaty of Amiens
british came to terms with the french here
under this treaty, GB recognized the french republic for the first time
europe at peace for the first time in 14 months, this was the longest period of peace between 92-14
during the period of peace, what was going on outside of europe
Slave revolt in St-Domingue, led by Toussaint Louverture; abolition of slavery in French colonies, 1794; failure of French expedition, 1802-3; Louisiana Purchase, 180
what was inspired by the french revolution
Slave revolt in St-Domingue
St-Domingue is todays _____
Haiti
who led the slave revolt
Toussaint Louverture
the slave revolt was successful, but what was still going on
most radical phase of revolution
but the slaves were able to abolish slavery
however the struggle for power remained even after this, as the spanish, british and americans intervined and it was a battle of the former black slaves against the free mixed-race peoples
abolition of slavery in French colonies happened when
1794
what was the failure of French expedition
napoleon failed when he tried to take back the power mostly because a mass amount of his troops fell to yellow fever
however Toussain was captured and transported back to france but died enroute
independent struggle continued and french withdrew in 1803
was the slave revolt a success
about 1/3 of haitians died in this struggle
but they did succeed in transforming the worlds first slave rebellion into a victorious anti colonial war for independence
how did the slave revolt have consequences in North America
all of this had major consequences in NA because napoleon had intended that the vast louisiana territory (which had been given to france by spain in 1800) would provide food and supplies for an expanded plantation economy in St-Domingue (as this was the best for sugar plantations in the world)
with St gone, no longer part of the french empire, napoleon no longer needed lofuissiana
when was the Louisiana Purchase,
1803
how much did napoleon sell louisiana for and what did the sale do
sold to americans by napoleon for 15 million dollars
this purchase over doubled the existing american territory
when did phase 3 of The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars happen
1804-12
when was the third coalition formed
1805—
who was in the 3rd coalition
britain austria and russian formed a third coalition
why was Trafalgar important
napoleon planned to invade britain, but was stopped by a naval victory at this battle
in spite of this, these were years of massive victories on land for the french army
when did the battle of Trafalgar, happen
21 Oct. 1805
when did Austerlitz,happen
2 Dec
what was included in phase 3 of The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
: Trafalgar, 21 Oct. 1805; Austerlitz, 2 Dec.; Jena 1806, Friedland 1807; abolition of Holy Roman Empire, replaced by Confederation of the Rhine, 1806; introduction of gains of revolution to conquered territories–but taxes, conscription and failure of Continental System, 1806 (countered by Britain’s Orders in Council) provoked counter-nationalisms; Peninsular War–resistance of Sir Arthur Wellesley (Duke of Wellington) and guerrilla warfare of Spanish people; (Francisco Goya).
what happened in Austerlitz
french crushed austrian and russian forces here
when did the battle of Jena happen
1806
what happened in the battle of Jena
french crushed the new coalition member, prussia, here
when did the battle of Friedland happen
1807
what happened in the battle of Friedland
french crushed the russians again at this battle
what was important about the abolition of Holy Roman Empire
had endured for 1000 years, napoleon crushed it and reorganized it’s 300 states into 33 states in the new confederation of the Rhine
what was the Holy Roman Empire turned into
reorganized it’s 300 states into 33 states in the new confederation of the Rhine
when was the abolition of Holy Roman Empire
1806
what was the introduction of gains of revolution
such as the napoleonic code, abolition of sensorial dues and careers open to talent
did the introduction of gains of revolution help napoleon
these new introductions won him many admirers but it didnt take long for opposition to grow partly because of the imposition of taxes and conscription for his armies and because of the failure of his economic warfare
why did people oppose napoleon
taxes, conscription and failure of Continental System
when was the failure of Continental System
1806
what was the failure of Continental System
beginning of economic warfare failure was this
this was an attempt to cut off trade between britain and europe
but the brits responded to this in kind with the Orders in Council which blocked ships bound for french ports
b of the brits command of the seas and ability to trade with their colonies, they faired much better in this economic warfare struggle than the french
and the means that trade in continental europe stagnated
what countered the continental system
Britain’s Orders in Council
what was the counter-nationalism
among germans, italians and others had this counter-nationalisms
to resist french nationalism
what was the Peninsular War and what started it
crucial moment in his downfall was when napoleon overthrew the spanish king, appointed his brother joseph to the throne and instituted the same kind of reforms that he had instituted elsewhere
but he met resistance this time from he spanish people who had particularly resented his interference with the catholic church
and this resistance buy the spanish was exploited by a british force (led by Sir Arthur)
this was all the beginning of the Peninsular war
which included regular army fighting and guerrilla warfare
Sir Arthur Wellesley later gained the title of what
Duke of Wellington
what was the first real indication that napoleon could be beaten
the failure to quell this opposition in spain was the first real indication that napoleon could be beaten and this helped to stimulate resistance elsewhere
who was Francisco Goya
artist who depicted the warfare greatly in his work
when did phase 4 of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars happen
1812-14
what happened in the past 4 of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
march of Grand Armée on Russia, 1812; failure of campaign; new allied coalition and Battle of the Nations, Leipzig, Oct. 1813; 31 March 1814, Alexander I of Russia & Frederick William III of Prussia entered Paris; Napoleon exiled to Elba; restoration of Louis XVIII.
when was the march of Grand Armée on Russia
1812
what was the march of Grand Armée and how did it lead to napoleon’s downfall
napoleon’s final undoing came when he decided to invade russia to complete his conquest of continental europe
napoleon collected a grand arme of 600 thousand and set out for russian
but this time, the russians refused to take a stand, they drew the french further and further into the heart of the country, stretching french supply lines
the only major engagement was the blood battle at norandina— both sides lost so many but the difference was that the russians could replace their casualties and the french could not as they were in russian territory
napoleon then pushed to moscow looking for food and stuff but the russians had burned down moscow before he could get there
napoleon had no choice but to retreat through the depths of russian winter
the exhausted army failed as they weren’t accustomed to the weather
1/2 million french soldiers dead or captured
who was in the new coalition of the phase 4
prussian, russia, austria sweden and GB
got armies that outnumbered that of the french
what was the Battle of the Nations
this was the last battle
french defeated, allied armies won
where was the Battle of the Nations
leipzig
when was the Battle of the Nations
Oct. 1813
Alexander I of Russia & Frederick William III of Prussia entered Paris when
31 March 1814
what is so important about the fact that Alexander I of Russia & Frederick William III of Prussia entered Paris
combined armies crossed the riverine into france and defeated napoleon once and for all
where was napoleon exiled to
Elba
who was put in charge of france when napoleon was exiled
restoration of Louis XVIII (18th)
what happened to louis 17
18th
he was the brother of the executed louis the 16
what happened to 17th? well 16th had a son that didnt make it through the revolution, and was never crowned, so 18th took the name of 18th as a nod to the dead son
