Lecture 3 Flashcards
who was Olaudah Equiano
he was a captain of a ship— was kidnapped and forced into slavery where he ended up in british colony of virginia… freed latter in life.
when did Olaudah Equiano live
1745-97
what did Olaudah Equiano write
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789)
why is The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano so important
an autobiography, and this became a classic to tell about the slavery
he describes the horrid and appalling conditions and situation
how many people in the Atlantic slave trade
11M Africans in total; 6M in C18th; 35% to GB/French Caribbean plantations, 5% to N. America, rest to Portuguese Brazil/Spanish colonies
who did a lot of triangular trade
Brazil/Spanish colonies
what is triangular trade
the british variant (their slave trade)
this could include a ship transporting rum to one place to trade it for slaves
the slaves traded for molasses to another place, where the molasses would be made to rum
it was a triangular transportation
see the powerpoint for visual example
what were the different colonial empires
portuguese spanish dutch french english/british
when did Colonial Empires happen
C16th-C18th aka the start of capitalist era
what is the capitalist era
associated with the economic component of mercantilism (the governmental regulation of a nations economy to increase state power at the expense of rival national powers; believed that the world’s wealth was finite and the states believed that the accumulation of national wealth could only be at the expense of other nations. This meant high tarrifs of foreign goods, favoured colonial products, etc Because of this, mercantilist policies had to rival and way.
what is capitalism
Capitalism; defined as economic and political system where it is controlled by private owners rather than the state. This included competitive markets, wage labour, a system of prices, etc
was mercantilism and capitalism at odds
nope, it might seem that this and mercantilism was at odds, but they were actually together. They complimented eachother. Listen to lecture to see why.
what is mercantilism
trade promotes wealth
when did the Portuguese start their empire
C15th
how did the Portuguese start their empire
search for sea route for spice trade from East
who was a key figure in the Portuguese empire and why
Vasco da Gama–connected the atlantic and indian oceans in 1498
who was Pedro Álvares Cabral
(portuguese) crossed south atlantic and landed in brazil reached Brazil in 1500
where did the portuguese have trading posts
establishment of trading (slaves, and spices) posts around Africa and Asia;
where did the portuguese have sugar plantations
sugar plantations in Madeira, Azores, Brazil (mainly)
while the portuguese traded what else happened
also traded slaves,
while this happened, they brough christianity to africa and brazil as well
why did the portugal empire end
portugal empire was really too small and weak to hold its ground against the french and english
who is a key player in the spanish empire
Christopher Columbus
what is important about Christopher Columbus (C. C.)
backed by the crown
wanted to discover a short route to china
landed in cuba and thought it was japan
when did CC end up in Cuba
1492
what is the Columbian Exchange
small pox, plague, influenza, measles, etc
to populations that has 0 immunity to them
this is called an unintentional genocide; but this made it easy for the spanish to concur the great Aztec, Myana and Inca societies
how much of an impact did the Columbian Exchange have
killed 80-95% of native population of c.50M; conquest of Aztec, Mayan and Inca empires by conquistadores
who were Hernando Cortés and Francisco Pizarro
spanish conquistadores
where did the spanish have colonial governments
Mexico and Peru
(financial) problems for Spain’s absolutist monarchs exacerbated by what
inflation from importation of silver
how did silver become a massive problem for the spanish empire
they thought they could use silver to get out of debt problems
but the problems (2) were that the silver was used for trading for spices and such as well as to pay for wars
the influx of silver lead to a Europe-wide price inflation of silver
this lead to their downfall and they didn’t last
what is a key player in the Dutch empire
Dutch East India Company
what is VOC–Vereeningde Oostindische Compagnie
shareholder and managed by providers
positives of this is that if it didn’t succeed, the loses were limited to only the portion that the stakeholder held
this was very appealing to the people as it was a good investment “low risk”
the allowed for them to build the ship mentioned below
when was the DEIC founded
1602
what did DEIC do
built a fleet and fortified trading bases
where was the main hub of DEIC
Batavia
what did the DEIC do a lot of trading of
monopoly of trade in pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves;
by early C18th, what did the DEIC have in terms of people
10,000 soldiers and 50,000 civil servants
where did the Dutch find success
Dutch less successful in West–except for Suriname and Netherlands Antilles; New Netherlands/New Amsterdam (New York from 1664) and Brazilian adventure short-lived]
when did New Amsterdam change to New York
1664
after its collapse, where did the dutch retain some of its power
retained some places; netherlands and tilles in carrabean as well as one other place
where were the french empires
North America
Caribbean
India
when did the french found of Port Royal, Acadia,
1605
who founded Quebec (french person)
Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec
when was Quebec founded
1608
what did the french do in north america
trading of furs, fish and tabbacco with First Nations and preaching of Christianity; expansion down St Lawrence and Mississippi to Louisiana
what and where was the Compagnie des Îles de lAmérique
french
lucrative slave-worked sugar plantations in Caribbean (Martinique, Guadeloupe, St-Domingue).
when was the French East India Company founded
1642
territorial expansion from Pondicherry under who
Joseph-François Dupleix from 1742
French East India Company, 1642–founded trading posts where
in India/Asia
what is important about Joseph-François Dupleix and the year of 1742
was purely commercial until this year;
at this time, this guy started to colonize the laces in india which resulted in conflict with the british as they were trying to do that same
English East India Company founded when
1600
English East India Company did what
trade from “factories” (trading posts) in silk, tea, cotton textiles with Mughal Empire
how did the english empire operate
operated in same way as dutch— through private enterprise
what was the english known for
developed strong army and navy
what is significant of the english victory of Robert Clive Battle of Plassey, 1757
victory of Robert Clive Battle of Plassey, 1757, against Nawab of Bengal and French
what was encompassed in the First British Empire
India, Caribbean islands (Barbados, Jamaica, the Bahamas)
english sugar plantations supplied with slaves by who
sugar plantations supplied with slaves by Royal African Company from 1672
how many colonies did the brits have
the 13 colonies in N. America, starting with Jamestown settlement (Chesapeake) in 1607 and Pilgrim Fathers in Plymouth (Massachusetts) in 1620; and Hudson’s Bay Company (founded 1670) in Rupert’s Land
what was the brit’s first settelment
Jamestown settlement (Chesapeake) in 1607
when was the Hudson’s Bay Company (founded
1670
what were the land empires
ottoman
russian
what did the ottoman owe much of its success to
owed much of success to 4 things; (they were muslim btw)
the sultan didn’t marry which avoided succession wars
prevented the emergence of european style nobility
built up long-standing army
in spite of having far more central power than the christian monarchies, they allowed for christianity to thrive and didn’t not restrict it which would have led to the christian risings that happened in europe
where was the ottoman empire founded and when
Founded in C13th in Anatolia
what did the ottoman conquer
conquered Constantinople in 1453
where did the ottoman empire expand to
expanded in C16th/C17th into SE/Central Europe, N. and E. Africa, Caucasus, W. Asia
Sultan Mehmed IV beaten back from gates of Vienna by who and when (ottoman empire)
Sultan Mehmed IV beaten back from gates of Vienna by Jan III Sobieski in 1683
what was one of the key successful techniques of the ottoman
Successful technique of govt. using high-privileged slaves (Janissaries), and tolerance to Christians and Jews
The Rus’ expanded from Moscow region when
in C15th
Romanov dynasty started when
from 1613
where did the Romanov dynasty expand to
expanded across Siberia
why was the Romanov dynasty successful
much autonomy to subject peoples
muslims weren’t forced to become christians, didn’t need to speak russian, allowed for them to remain different and this helped them remain in power
when did Peter the Great live
1672- 1725
why did Peter the Great (1672- 1725) turn West and fight Swedes
because he wanted access to the Baltic sea
where did Peter the Great established St Petersburg
on Baltic
Peter the Great’s autocratic rule reined in the what
nobility (aka boyars) (required to relinquish any form of assembly that might rise against him)
the Russian Orthodox Church and strictly controlled what
the serfs
what are serfs
unfree labourers who could not leave where they worked, and their income and resources were kept very low
the Russian Orthodox Church became what
became an extension of the authority of the state
did the russian empire last long
this didn’t last for forever, but it lasted long (until 1917)
so while it wasn’t successful it was effective
