Lecture 8 - Pathology In Pictures Flashcards
What are the macroscopic hallmarks of acute inflammation?
Tumor
Rubor
Pus (Exudate)
What are the microscopic hallmarks of acute inflammation?
Neutrophil infiltration
Vasodilation
Why is acute inflammation of the appendix dangerous?
(Acute Appendicitis)
Can lead to appendix perforation then contents of bowel enter the abdomen
Lead to infection
Sepsis
What do high lactate levels in a individual indicate?
Tissue death
What is a Haemorrhagic infarction?
Occlusion of main blood supply
But continuation of collateral blood supply
What is Volvulus?
When section of intestine wraps round itself causing an obstruction
What is a thrombus?
Blood clot that forms in a vein
What is an embolus?
Anything that moves through blood vessels until it reaches a blood vessel that it is too small to pass through
What are the macroscopic features of malignancy?
Spread to multiple organs (metastatic spread)
What are the microscopic features of malignancy?
Nuclear pleomorohism
Abnormal mitoses
Necrosis
Vascular invasion
What is an adenocarcinoma?
Adeno = gland/duct forming
Carcinoma = malignancy derived from epithelium
What is the definition of liver cirrhosis?
The formation of nodules of liver parenchyma surrounded by fibrous bands in response to chronic liver injury
What are the signs of Xanthoma?
Corneal arcus
Nodules around eye (Xanthelasma )
What causes the signs of Xanthoma? Corneal arcus + Xanthelasma
Build of of high cholesterol in eyes and under skin
What type of immune cell is present in Xanthoma?
Foamy macrophages
What is a Keloid scar?
When a scar grows beyond the edges of the wound and does not regress
What would a microscope image of a keloid scar look like?
Dermis has no sebaceous glands or hair follicles
Lots of thick bands of collagen
What are the macroscopic images of a benign neoplasm?
Well circumscribed lesions
Smooth round borders
Does not penetrate into other layers of different tissues
What are the microscopic features of a benign neoplasm?
Uniform cells
No abnormal mitoses
No necrosis
No vascular invasion
What is a Leiomyoma?
Benign smooth muscle tumour
What is a sarcoma?
Malignant tumour derived from mesenchymal tissue
What is a Leiomyosarcoma?
Malignant smooth muscle tumour
How do rheumatoid nodules appear microscopically?
Giant cells
Macrophages
Fibroid necrosis
What is sarcoidosis?
Granulomatous inflammation
Usually affects lungs and lymph nodes
What indicates TB infection when it’s observed in the lung or in lymph nodes near the lungs like Hilar lymph nodes?
Necrotising granulomatous inflammation
Why does necrotising granulomatous inflammation occur in TB infection?
TB very resistant to immune system
Granulomas form to wall off infection since body struggles to get rid of it helping prevent it from spreading around the body
Necrotic area is where TB is present
Why may an Axillary lymph node be enlarged in a patient with breast implants?
Silicone implant ruptured and drains into lymph node
Foreign body giant cells form
Granulomas form
