Lecture 8 - Pathology In Pictures

Question 1

What are the macroscopic hallmarks of acute inflammation?

Answer 1

Tumor
Rubor
Pus (Exudate)

Question 2

What are the microscopic hallmarks of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

Neutrophil infiltration
Vasodilation

Question 3

Why is acute inflammation of the appendix dangerous?
(Acute Appendicitis)

Answer 3

Can lead to appendix perforation then contents of bowel enter the abdomen

Lead to infection
Sepsis

Question 4

What do high lactate levels in a individual indicate?

Answer 4

Tissue death

Question 5

What is a Haemorrhagic infarction?

Answer 5

Occlusion of main blood supply
But continuation of collateral blood supply

Question 6

What is Volvulus?

Answer 6

When section of intestine wraps round itself causing an obstruction

Question 7

What is a thrombus?

Answer 7

Blood clot that forms in a vein

Question 8

What is an embolus?

Answer 8

Anything that moves through blood vessels until it reaches a blood vessel that it is too small to pass through

Question 9

What are the macroscopic features of malignancy?

Answer 9

Spread to multiple organs (metastatic spread)

Question 10

What are the microscopic features of malignancy?

Answer 10

Nuclear pleomorohism
Abnormal mitoses
Necrosis
Vascular invasion

Question 11

What is an adenocarcinoma?

Answer 11

Adeno = gland/duct forming
Carcinoma = malignancy derived from epithelium

Question 12

What is the definition of liver cirrhosis?

Answer 12

The formation of nodules of liver parenchyma surrounded by fibrous bands in response to chronic liver injury

Question 13

What are the signs of Xanthoma?

Answer 13

Corneal arcus
Nodules around eye (Xanthelasma )

Question 14

What causes the signs of Xanthoma? Corneal arcus + Xanthelasma

Answer 14

Build of of high cholesterol in eyes and under skin

Question 15

What type of immune cell is present in Xanthoma?

Answer 15

Foamy macrophages

Question 16

What is a Keloid scar?

Answer 16

When a scar grows beyond the edges of the wound and does not regress

Question 17

What would a microscope image of a keloid scar look like?

Answer 17

Dermis has no sebaceous glands or hair follicles
Lots of thick bands of collagen

Question 18

What are the macroscopic images of a benign neoplasm?

Answer 18

Well circumscribed lesions
Smooth round borders
Does not penetrate into other layers of different tissues

Question 19

What are the microscopic features of a benign neoplasm?

Answer 19

Uniform cells
No abnormal mitoses
No necrosis
No vascular invasion

Question 20

What is a Leiomyoma?

Answer 20

Benign smooth muscle tumour

Question 21

What is a sarcoma?

Answer 21

Malignant tumour derived from mesenchymal tissue

Question 22

What is a Leiomyosarcoma?

Answer 22

Malignant smooth muscle tumour

Question 23

How do rheumatoid nodules appear microscopically?

Answer 23

Giant cells
Macrophages
Fibroid necrosis

Question 24

What is sarcoidosis?

Answer 24

Granulomatous inflammation
Usually affects lungs and lymph nodes

Question 25

What indicates TB infection when it’s observed in the lung or in lymph nodes near the lungs like Hilar lymph nodes?

Answer 25

Necrotising granulomatous inflammation

Question 26

Why does necrotising granulomatous inflammation occur in TB infection?

Answer 26

TB very resistant to immune system
Granulomas form to wall off infection since body struggles to get rid of it helping prevent it from spreading around the body
Necrotic area is where TB is present

Question 27

Why may an Axillary lymph node be enlarged in a patient with breast implants?

Answer 27

Silicone implant ruptured and drains into lymph node
Foreign body giant cells form
Granulomas form