Lecture 17 - Neoplasia 5 Flashcards
What are the most common cancers world wide?
Female breast
Prostrate cancer
Lung
Bowel
What are the 4 most common cancers world wide?
Female breast
Prostrate cancer
Lung
Bowel
What are the most common causes of cancer in Males?
What are the most common causes of cancer in Females?
Males = Prostate
Females = Breast
Why are most cancers diagnosed at age over 65yrs?
There’s more time for initiation, promotion and progression to take place
What are some common cancers in children?
Leukaemia
CNS tumour
Lymphomas
What is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug for prostate cancer?
Cisplatin
Why have the incidences of malignant melanoma decreased?
Inc public awareness
Better suncream usage
What can be biopsied to see if a malignant melanoma has spread?
Sentinel lymph nodes
Why are brain cancers difficult to treat?
Hard for chemotherapy agents to cross blood brain barrier
Radiotherapy damages surrounding healthy brain
What determines whether an individual will have a favourable outcome with cancer?
Co-morbidities
Age
Tumour site
Tumour type
Tumour stage
Well differentiated
Availability of treatment
What is the definition of cancer specific survival?
% of patients with a specific type and stage of cancer who have not died from their cancer during a certain period of time after diagnosis
What is the definition of relative survival?
% of cancer patients who have survived for a certain period of time after diagnosis compared to people who do not have cancer
What is the definition of disease free survival?
% of patients who have no signs of cancer during a certain period of time after treatment
What is the definition of Cure?
There are no traces of cancer after treatment and the cancer will NEVER come back
What is the definition of Resmission?
Signs and symptoms of your cancer have reduced
What are the 2 types of remission?
Partial remission
Complete remission
What is partial remission?
Signs + symptoms of the cancer have reduced
What is complete remission?
Signs + symptoms have disappeared
Why is it risky to say that a patient is cured from cancer?
May still be some cancer cells in the body and these can come back one day to causes cancer
(Melanoma does this a lot)
How are tumours/cancers classified?
TNM staging system (can only be used for solid tumours
What does the TNM staging system mean?
T = size of primary Tumour
N = extent of regional lymph Node involvement
M = Metastatic spread via the blood
What are the tumour sizes?
T1 (smallest)
T2
T3
T4 (largest)
What are the (N) regional lymph node involvement classifications?
N0
N1
N2
N3
What does N0 mean?
No evidence of lymph node metastasis
What does N1, N2 and N3 mean?
N1 = evidence of a single group of lymph nodes with metastasis
N2 = more lymph nodes affected
N3 = many lymph nodes affected
What does M0 mean in terms of metastatic spread?
Don’t have metastasis
What does M1 mean in terms of metastatic spread?
Do have Metastatic spread
What is meant by tumour stage?
A measure of the overall burden of the malignant neoplasm
What does a Stage 1 tumour/cancer mean?
Early local disease
What does a Stage 2 tumour/cancer mean?
Advanced LOCAL disease
So N0 and M0 (Large size like T3 or T4)
What does a Stage 3 tumour/cancer mean?
Regional metastasis
(Does not spread through blood so is M0)
What does a Stage 4 tumour/cancer mean?
Advanced disease with distant metastasis (M1)
METASTATIC
What is the Ann Arbor Staging system used to classify?
Lymphomas
What are the 4 stages of the Ann Arbor Staging system?
I - Lymphoma affects only 1 set of lymph nodes
II - more than 1 lymph nodes affected
III - lymph nodes that are affected are on different sides of the diaphragm
IV - non lymph nodes are also affected