Lecture 5 - Chronic Inflammation Flashcards
What is the definition for Chronic Inflammation?
Prolonged inflammation with associated repair
Why is acute inflammation referred to as being stereotyped and chronic inflammation being modulated?
Acute stereotyped occurs rapidly and responds to any type of injury
Chronic modulated takes over if the injurious agent is not quickly removed
How does Chronic inflammation arise?
Takes over from acute Inflammation (if acute inflammation cant resolve)
Develops alongside acute inflammation (at same time, e.g ongoing bacterial infection)
Develops without preceding acute inflammation
Why might chronic inflammation arise without preceding acute inflammation?
Chronic infection like TB
Autoimmune conditions (Rheumatoid arthritis)
Prolonged exposure to toxic agents (silica)
What is the main cell involved in acute inflammation?
Neutrophil
What cells are involved in chronic inflammation?
Macrophages
Lymphocytes + Plasma cells
Eosinophils
Fibroblasts/Myofibroblasts
What is a monocyte?
A blood circulating phagocyte
What is a macrophage/histiocyte?
A monocyte which his migrated into tissues
What is the appearance of a macrophage?
Large
Abundant “foamy” cytoplasm
Slipper shaped nucleus
What causes the foamy cytoplasm look in a macrophage?
Abundant phagolysosomes
What is the function of the macrophages?
Remove pathogens (degrade)
Antigen presentation
Release mediator controlling inflammation
What is the appearance of a lymphocyte?
Small cell (like RBC)
Large spherical nucleus
Very thin rim of cytoplasm
What are the 2 types of lymphocyte?
T Cell
B Cell
What is the function of T Cells?
Helper T Cells assist other inflammatory cells
Cytotoxic T cells destroy pathogens
What is the function of B Cells?
Mature into plasma cells
These produce antibodies that neutralise pathogens
What is the appearance of a plasma cell?
Clumped chromatin
Eccentric non central nucleus
Paler peri-nuclear clearing
What causes the paler peri-nuclear region around the nucleus of a plasma cell?
The prominent Golgi bodies
What is the function of a plasma cell?
Produces antibodies
What is the appearance of an Eosinophil?
TOMATO WITH SUNGLASSES
Bi-lobed nucleus
Very granular so cytoplasm stains quite red
What is the function of Eosinophils?
Parasitic infections
Hypersensitivity reactions (allergies, asthma etc…)
Release variety of mediators
What is the general function of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts?
Lay down collagen to regenerate and repair
What are giant cells?
Multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of multiple macrophages
What is meant by frustrated phagocytosis?
When a phagocyte fails to engulf a pathogen and so fuses with other macrophages to form a giant cell to be able to engulf the pathogen
What are the 3 types of Giant cells?
Foreign body giant cell
Langhans giant cell
Touton giant cell