Lecture 14 - Neoplasia 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of a Tumour?
Any clinical detectable lump or swelling
What is the definition of a neoplasm?
An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed
What is oncology?
Study of tumours and neoplasms
Do tumours and neoplasms have a relationship with normal growth signals?
No they are independent of normal growth signals
What is Hyperplasia?
Increase in the number of cells
Is hyperplasia reversible?
Yes
Hyperplasia = reversible
What is Neoplasia?
Formation of an abnormal growth of cells
What is a Benign Neoplasm?
A neoplasm with gross and microscopic appearances that are considered to be innocent, implying that it will remain localised and will not spread to other sites
Describe the innocent appearance of a benign Neoplasm?
Nice smooth edges
Well circumscribed
Not looking likely it will spread
What is deemed as a Cancer?
A malignant neoplasm
What is the definition of a malignant neoplasm?
An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed and invades surrounding tissue with the potential to spread to distant sites
What is the definition of a Metastasis?
Malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site
What is meant be a new non-contiguous site for a metastasis?
No physical connection between the 2 tumours
What is Dysplasia?
A pre-neoplastic alteration in which the cells show disordered tissue organisation
Is dysplasia reversible?
Yes reversible
How can dysplasia look like neoplasia?
Hyperchromatic nuclei
High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios
What are some examples of a non-neoplastic tumour?
Abcess
Haematoma
What is the difference between a primary malignant neoplasm and secondary metastasis?
The primary malignant neoplasm is the original neoplasm whereas the metastasis has spread from the primary neoplasm
What is the difference between the primary site and secondary site of malignant neoplasms?
Primary site = original site of malignant neoplasm
Secondary site = Place original neoplasm has spread to
What is the difference between benign and malignant neoplasms?
Benign = Remain confined to sit of origin, DO NOT METASTASISE
Malignant = Invade and CAN METASTASISE
What is coning?
When the intercranial pressure increases leading to the brainstem being forced through the foramen magnum leading to death
What is pleomorphism?
When cells and their nuclei have a varying size and shape
What is tumour burden?
The amount of cancer in the body
Higher tumour burden = increased fatigue and weight loss
How do benign tumours grow?
In a confined local area
Have a Pushing outer margin
Only dangerous when in certain locations
How do malignant tumours grow?
Irregular outer margin and shape
May have ulcerations and necrosis
Infiltration
What is meant by benign tumours having a pushing outer margin?
They appear to push tissue away/outwards rather than being invasive/infiltrative
Why can malignant tumours have centres of necrosis?
Rapid growth means that the centre cells don’t get enough nutrients and oxygen