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Y1 - PP > Lecture 14 - Neoplasia 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a Tumour?

A

Any clinical detectable lump or swelling

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2
Q

What is the definition of a neoplasm?

A

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed

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3
Q

What is oncology?

A

Study of tumours and neoplasms

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4
Q

Do tumours and neoplasms have a relationship with normal growth signals?

A

No they are independent of normal growth signals

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5
Q

What is Hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of cells

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6
Q

Is hyperplasia reversible?

A

Yes

Hyperplasia = reversible

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7
Q

What is Neoplasia?

A

Formation of an abnormal growth of cells

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8
Q

What is a Benign Neoplasm?

A

A neoplasm with gross and microscopic appearances that are considered to be innocent, implying that it will remain localised and will not spread to other sites

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9
Q

Describe the innocent appearance of a benign Neoplasm?

A

Nice smooth edges
Well circumscribed
Not looking likely it will spread

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10
Q

What is deemed as a Cancer?

A

A malignant neoplasm

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11
Q

What is the definition of a malignant neoplasm?

A

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed and invades surrounding tissue with the potential to spread to distant sites

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12
Q

What is the definition of a Metastasis?

A

Malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site

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13
Q

What is meant be a new non-contiguous site for a metastasis?

A

No physical connection between the 2 tumours

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14
Q

What is Dysplasia?

A

A pre-neoplastic alteration in which the cells show disordered tissue organisation

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15
Q

Is dysplasia reversible?

A

Yes reversible

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16
Q

How can dysplasia look like neoplasia?

A

Hyperchromatic nuclei
High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios

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17
Q

What are some examples of a non-neoplastic tumour?

A

Abcess
Haematoma

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18
Q

What is the difference between a primary malignant neoplasm and secondary metastasis?

A

The primary malignant neoplasm is the original neoplasm whereas the metastasis has spread from the primary neoplasm

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19
Q

What is the difference between the primary site and secondary site of malignant neoplasms?

A

Primary site = original site of malignant neoplasm

Secondary site = Place original neoplasm has spread to

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20
Q

What is the difference between benign and malignant neoplasms?

A

Benign = Remain confined to sit of origin, DO NOT METASTASISE

Malignant = Invade and CAN METASTASISE

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21
Q

What is coning?

A

When the intercranial pressure increases leading to the brainstem being forced through the foramen magnum leading to death

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22
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

When cells and their nuclei have a varying size and shape

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23
Q

What is tumour burden?

A

The amount of cancer in the body

Higher tumour burden = increased fatigue and weight loss

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24
Q

How do benign tumours grow?

A

In a confined local area
Have a Pushing outer margin
Only dangerous when in certain locations

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25
Q

How do malignant tumours grow?

A

Irregular outer margin and shape
May have ulcerations and necrosis
Infiltration

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26
Q

What is meant by benign tumours having a pushing outer margin?

A

They appear to push tissue away/outwards rather than being invasive/infiltrative

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27
Q

Why can malignant tumours have centres of necrosis?

A

Rapid growth means that the centre cells don’t get enough nutrients and oxygen

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28
Q

What is the definition of differentiation?

A

Process of cells becoming different by growth or development to be specialised for a set function

29
Q

What is the differentiation of a benign neoplasm like?

A

Well differentiated

Closely resemble the parent tissue

30
Q

What is the differentiation like for a malignant neoplasm?

A

Ranges

The worse the malignant neoplasm gets the more poorly differentiated it becomes
Gets less and less similar to the parent tissue

31
Q

What is the definition of anaplastic?

A

Cells with no resemblance to any tissue

32
Q

How do very malignant poorly differentiated tissues appear?

A

Increased nuclear size
Increased nuclear to cytoplasm ratio
Hperchromasia (nuclei stain darker)
Abnormal mitotic figures (Looks like Merc logo)
Pleomorphism (Variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei)

33
Q

How does a melonoma (skin neoplasm) appear?

A

Dermis has nests and clusters of epithelioid cells

Dark staining large nuceli

34
Q

How do cell shapes differ between benign and malignant neoplasms?

A

Benign = Cells same throughout tumour, resemble tissue of origin

Malignant = Pleomorphic, less likely to resemble tissue of origin can have unexpected functions

35
Q

What are the grades used to indicate the degrees of differentiation of a neoplasm? What do these grades mean?

A

Grade 1 - Well differentiated (resemble origin tissue)
Grade 2 - Moderately differentiated
Grade 3 - Poorly differentiated

36
Q

What is Dysplasia?

A

Cells abnormally differentiate into different cell types and become disorganised

37
Q

How is dysplasia classified?

A

Dependant on worsening differentiation

Mild
Moderate
Severe

38
Q

Is dysplasia reversible?

A

Yes

39
Q

What is Carcinoma in situ?

A

Full dysplasia affecting the full thickness of the epidermis

No cells have breached the basement membrane so isn’t an invasive cancer

40
Q

What is an invasive carcinoma?

A

When cells breach the basement membrane
The dysplastic cells in a carcinoma have a potential to become an invasive carcinoma

41
Q

What are the basic steps to developing a neoplasm?

A

Accumulated mutations in somatic cells (caused by initiator)
Promoters cause cell proliferation which propagates the genetic damage
Tumour forms from the colonial expansion of a single genetically damaged precursor cell

42
Q

What causes the non-lethal genetic damage/mutations that lead to neoplasia?

A

Initiators/mutagenic agents

43
Q

What are some chemical initiators for neoplasia?

A

Chemicals:
-Smoking
-Alcohol consumption
-Diet and obesity

Infectious agents:
-HPV
Radiation
Inherited mutations

44
Q

What is the definition of progression?

A

When a single cell mutates and forms many cells (neoplasm) with the mutations

Step wise process of developing mutations which aid the cancer development (acquisition of more and more mutations)

45
Q

If a young person has developed a neoplasm what should be done?

A

Investigate germ line mutations since its likely the person has inherited a defect that has affected a critical gene

46
Q

What 4 regulated genes can be mutated leading to cancer?

A

Growth promoting proto-oncogenes
Growth inhibiting tumour suppressor genes
Genes that regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Genes involved in DNA repair

47
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

Genes that participate at some level in driving cell proliferation

48
Q

What are proto-oncogenes referred to as when they are abnormally stimulated?

A

Oncogenes

49
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Genes which favour neoplasm formation (excessive stimulation of growth, division and prevention of apoptosis)

50
Q

What do Oncogenes produce?

A

Oncoprotiens

51
Q

Why is a single mutation of a proto-oncogene so bad?

A

Oncogenes are dominant over normal proto-oncogenes
Only 1 allele needs to be damaged

52
Q

What is the function of Tumour Suppressor Genes?

A

Makes proteins:
-Stop cell proliferation
-Repairs DNA
-Stimulate apoptosis in damaged cells

53
Q

What happens if Tumour suppressor genes are mutated?

A

Loss of function so growth inhibition fails

54
Q

How many alleles of the tumour suppressor gene needs to be mutated to cause failure of growth inhibition?

A

Both alleles

55
Q

Usually what do the names of benign tumours end in?

A

-Oma

56
Q

Usually what do the names of malignant tumours end in?

A

Carcinoma (epithelial)
Sarcoma (stromal)

57
Q

Where can transitional cell papilloma occur?

A

Bladder mucosa

58
Q

What is the name for a glandular benign neoplasm?

A

Adenoma

59
Q

Where can squamous cell carcinoma form?

A

Skin
Larynx
Oesophagus
Lungs
…..

60
Q

Where can transitional cell carcinoma happen?

A

Bladder, ureters

61
Q

Where can adenocarinomas form?

A

Prostate
Breast
Pancreas
Oesophagus
Stomach
Lung

62
Q

What is a benign smooth muscles neoplasm and malignant neoplasm?

A

Benign = Leiomyoma

Malignant = Leiomyosarcoma

63
Q

What is a benign fibrous tissue neoplasm and malignant neoplasm?

A

Benign = Fibroma

Malignant = Fibrosarcoma

64
Q

What is a benign bone neoplasm and malignant neoplasm?

A

Benign = Osteoma

Malignant = Osteosarcoma

65
Q

What is a benign cartilage neoplasm and malignant neoplasm?

A

Benign = Chondroma

Malignant = Chondrosarcoma

66
Q

What is a benign glial cell neoplasm and malignant neoplasm?

A

Benign = Glioma

Malignant = Malignant glioma

67
Q

What is a Urinary Tract Epithelium benign neoplasm called?

A

Transitional cell papilloma

68
Q

What is a Urinary Tract Epithelium malignant neoplasm called?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

69
Q

What is stroma/stromal tissue?

A

The supporting tissue that provides the framework for organs like glands, holds tissues in place like blood vessels and nerves

It’s a loose connective tissue

Y1 - PP (20 decks)

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