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PP > Lecture 1 - Introduction To Pathology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Introduction To Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathology?

A

Branch of medicine concerned with understanding the process of disease

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2
Q

What is a disease?

A

A pathological condition of a body part, an organ or a system characterised by an identifiable group or signs or symptoms

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3
Q

In a disease, how is homeostasis affected?

A

Homeostasis fails

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4
Q

What is chemical pathology?

A

Biochemical investigations of disease

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5
Q

What is Haematology?

A

Diseases of the blood

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6
Q

What is Immunology?

A

Diseases of the immune system

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7
Q

What is medical microbiology?

A

Disease-causing microbes including advice on antibiotic usage

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8
Q

What is cellular pathology?

A

Examines organs, tissues and cells for diagnosis and to guide treatment

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9
Q

Why is microscopic diagnosis important?

A

Gives a definitive diagnosis

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10
Q

What is the difference between Histology and Cytology?

A

Histology = Looking at pieces of tissues

Cytology = Individual/ a very small number of cells are aspirated

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11
Q

What does aspirated mean?

A

Drawn from the body by suction

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12
Q

What is histology good for?

A

Immunohistochemical and molecular testing

Can differentiate invasive from in situ disease

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13
Q

What are some key notes about cytology?

A

Faster and cheaper than histology
Higher inadequate and error rates
Can be used for cells in fluids

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14
Q

What is an Adnexal mass?

A

A lump in the tissue near the uterus

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15
Q

What is ascites

A

Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity

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16
Q

What information can be determined from Histopathology/cytology?

A

Inflammatory or neoplastic
Benign/malignant
Primary Tumor or metastasis
Grade of cancer

17
Q

How is immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology useful for treatment?

A

Can determine the likely efficacy of further treatments

18
Q

What is autolysis?

A

Cell degradation (when the blood supply is cut off cell digests itself)

19
Q

What are the steps in producing slides for microscopy?

A

Sample sliced thinly
Fixation
Embedding
Blocking
Microtomy
Staining
Mounting

20
Q

What is fixation?

A

Specimen suspended in formalin solution

21
Q

What does fixing actually do?

A

It prevents the specimen undergoing autolysis by inactivating tissue enzymes and denaturing protiens.
Also hardens the tissue

22
Q

What is done when embedding a specimen?

A

Paraffin wax surrounds the specimen
Then dehydration with alcohol
Alcohol removed and XYLENE added
More wax added

23
Q

What is blocking?

A

Sample put into metal trays and more wax added
Metal tray is then removed

24
Q

What is microtomy?

A

Machine called microtome very thinly slices the specimen into sections

25
Q

What stains are commonly used?

A

Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)

26
Q

What does Haematoxylin stain and what colour does it stain?

A

Stains Nuclei purple

27
Q

What does Eosin stain and what colour does it stain?

A

Stains Cytoplasm and connective tissue pink

28
Q

What is mounting?

A

Preserving and protecting the slice of tissue
Mounting medium is add, dries and hardens, coverslip then gets attached

29
Q

What is good about frozen sections and when are they used?

A

They are produced very quickly so are made in surgery and used to make Intra operative decisions

30
Q

What is the downside to frozen sections?

A

Less clear than formalin fixed
Don’t last very long

31
Q

What is immunohistochemistry and what is its use?

A

Antibody made that has an enzyme which catalyses a colour producing reaction

Antibody can be made specific to pretty much any antigen

32
Q

What is molecular pathology?

A

Studies how diseases are caused by alterations in normal cellular molecular biology (changed DNA, RNA or proteins)

PP (20 decks)

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