Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology Exam 2 > Lecture 8: Lymphoid > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Lymphoid Flashcards

1
Q

List lymphoid tissues of the lymphatic system (6)

A
  • Lymph node
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • GALT
  • BALT
  • Bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List immune cells (6)

A
  • macrophages
  • granulocytes
  • NK cells
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • dendritic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Does the response time for innate immunity take days or hours?

A

hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Does the response time for adaptive immunity take days or hours?

A

days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the specificity of innate immunity?

A

limited and fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the specificity of adaptive immunity?

A
  • highly diverse
  • improves during course of immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the response of innate immunity to repeat infection?

A

identical to the primary response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the response of the adaptive immunity to repeat infection?

A

much more rapid than primary response = immune memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of barriers of innate immunity?

A
  • anatomical
  • physiological
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does innate immunity use to recognize PAMPS on antigens?

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pattern recognition leads to _____ and _____.

A
  • phagocytosis
  • killing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Adaptive immunity is different from innate immunity because it requires which type of cells?

A

lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cells are involved in humoral immunity (3)?

A
  • B cells
  • antibodies
  • serum mediators such as cytokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which two cells does cellular immunity use?

A
  • killer T lymphocytes (CD8+)
  • phagocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do both humoral and cellular immunity require?

A
  • T helper cells (CD4+ = MHC II)
  • APC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is a Tc cell (cytotoxic T = CD8+ = MHC I) part of humoral immunity, cellular immunity, or both?

A

only cellular immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of cellular immunity?

A

kills microbes (cytotoxicity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of humoral immunity?

A

generates plasma cells to produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an important feature of adaptive immunity? Why?

A
  • memory
  • future exposure elicits a faster/better response = have antibodies specific to antigen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the results of inflammation and tissue damage during infection which leads to an influx of serum factors and cells?

A
  • swelling, heat, pain, redness,
  • allergy and asthma
  • graft rejection and graft vs. host disease
  • autoimmune disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are T cells located?

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are B cells located?

A

bone marrow & GALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List the secondary organs/tissues (5)

A
  • diffuse lymphatic tissue (e.g. peyer’s patch, appendix, GALT)
  • lymphoid nodules
  • tonsils
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which organ is primary and secondary lymphoid organ?

A

GALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphoid nodules? What do they consist of?

A
  • primary lymphoid nodule = consist of small lymphocytes (inactive B cells) with no germinal center
  • secondary lymphoid nodule = consist of large lymphocytes in the peripheral zone & large lymphocytes (active B cells) located in germinal center
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the characteristics of germinal cells (4)?

A
  1. located in the center of the nodule (follicle)
  2. stains light due to large amount of cytoplasm and euchromatin
  3. develop in response to antigens
  4. site of active B cells (B cells proliferate = differentiate into plasma cells = produce antibodies)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is lymphadenitis? What causes it?

A
  • Enlargement/swelling of lymph nodes
  • Caused by edema and hyperplasia of lymphatic nodules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the symptoms of lymphadenitis? (4)

A
  1. swollen, palpable, and tender lymph nodes
  2. fever
  3. chills
  4. general weakness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the most common causes of lymphadenitis in the neck region (2)?

A

tonsillitis and pharyngitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which organs/tissues (2) have a single nodule or aggregates with no capsule?

A
  • Peyer’s patch (ileum)
  • Appendix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which organ has nodules and a partial capsule?

A

tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which organs have nodules and a well-developed capsule (2)?

A

lymph node and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Recent evidence suggests that lymphatic tissue in the appendix is a site for what?

A

B cells differentiation into immunocompetent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue of the Waldeyer’s ring comprise (4)?

A
  • Nasopharyngeal tonsil or adenoid
  • The paired tubal tonsils
  • The paired palatine tonsils
  • The lingual tonsil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What type of epithelium lines the adenoid (pharyngeal) tonsils?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Does the adenoid (pharyngeal) tonsil contain fewer or many primary and secondary lymphoid nodules (follicles)?

A

fewer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What type of epithelium lines the palatine tonsil?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Does the palatine tonsil contain many or fewer primary and secondary nodules (follicles)?

A

many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of crypts in the palatine tonsil?

A

increase tonsil surface area = allows antigens to hide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Lymph nodes are found in ______ throughout the body as ______ lymphoid structures

A
  • clusters
  • encapsulated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

filters and entraps antigens from the lymph and supports the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The lymph nodes are composed of (4)?

A
  • capsule
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • sinuses = interconnected channels (subcapsular, trabecular, medullary) where lymph travels and is filtered
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Lymph enters via ___ lymphatic vessel to ____ sinuses, percolates (filters) through tissue of lymph node and exits the ____ lymphatic vessel

A
  • afferent
  • subcapsular
  • efferent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does the outer cortex of the lymph nodes contain?

A

1° and 2° lymphoid nodules = B cell zones

2°=germinal centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What does the inner cortex (deep cortex, paracortex) of the lymph nodes contain?

A

T cell zones

46
Q

Which structure of the brainstem contains a high number of plasma cells?

A

medulla

47
Q

List the order of lymphatic flow (5)

A
  1. Afferent vessel = lymphatic fluid (lymphocytes) arrive
  2. Subcapsular sinus
  3. Trabecular sinus
  4. Medullary sinus
  5. Efferent vessel = lymph fluid (lymphoytes) exit
48
Q

Where are the majority of T cells located in the lymph node?

A

deep cortex

49
Q

Where are B cells located in the lymph node?

A

germinal centers in superficial (outer) cortex

50
Q

What are high endothelial venules (HEV) and where are they found?

A
  • specialized postcapillary venules
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • aggregated or solitary lymph nodules (peyer’s patches) (not in the spleen)
51
Q

What is the function of HEV?

A

support high levels of B and T lymphocyte migration from the blood

52
Q

What type of endothelium does HEV have and what is it able to do?

A
  • Cuboidal endothelium
  • Has the ability to recruit large amounts of lymphocytes (possess receptors for antigen-primed cells)
53
Q

What type of fibers produce fibroblasts?

A

reticular

54
Q

Which cells produce reticular fibers in lymphatic tissue?

A

reticular cells

55
Q

How are reticular fibers arranged?

A

arranged in a mesh-like network

56
Q

Which type of collagen are reticular fibers?

A

Type III

57
Q

What type of endothelium lines lymphatic capillaries?

A

simple sqaumous

58
Q

Do lymphatic capillaries have complete or incomplete basal lamina? Is this fenestrated or non-fenestrated?

A
  • Incomplete basal lamina
  • Fenestrated
    fenestrated capillaries = digestive organs and pancreas
59
Q

Where do lymphocytes enter major lymphatic vessels on the right side of the body?

A

right lymphatic trunk

60
Q

Where do lymphocytes enter major lymphatic vessels on the left side of the body?

A

thoracic duct

61
Q

What are the functions of the spleen (5)?

A
  1. filtration of blood
  2. removal of aged or damaged RBCs, old platelets, and blood-born foreign matter
  3. site of immune response
  4. platelet storage
  5. filters antigens out of the blood and promotes immune response = w/o spleen more susceptibility to blood-borne infections (e.g. post-splenectomy sepsis)
62
Q

What are the 6 structures of the spleen?

A
  1. capsule
  2. trabeculae
  3. reticular meshwork
  4. red pulp
  5. white pulp
  6. lymphatic vessels
63
Q

What does the reticular meshwork of the spleen contain?

A

reticular cells and reticular fibers

64
Q

What does the red pulp of the spleen consist of?

A

splenic cords and splenic sinuses

65
Q

What does the white pulp of the spleen contain?

A
  • periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) (around central artery) = T cells
  • lymphoid nodules = B cells
66
Q

What does the lymphatic vessels of the spleen contain?

A
  • efferent only
  • present in white pulp, trabeculae, and capsule b/c lymphocytes enter through blood since spleen does not filter lymph
67
Q

What do discontinuous capillaries contain and where are they found?

A
  • gaps between endothelial cells
  • discontinous basal lamina
  • spleen and liver
68
Q

Explain open circulation in the spleen

A
  • Open circulation - blood empties from the sheathed capillaries into the splenic cords and then enters the sinuses through slits in the wall.
69
Q

Explain closed circulation in the spleen

A
  • Closed circulation - blood empties from the vessels of the white pulp into sheathed capillaries of the red pulp and then directly into the sinuses.
70
Q

What is #1?

A

1° lymphoid nodule

dark color, no germinal center

71
Q

What is #2?

A

1° lymphoid nodule

dark color, no germinal center

72
Q

What is #3?

A

1° lymphoid nodule

dark color, no germinal center

73
Q

What is #4?

A

2° lymphoid nodule

light color, has a germinal center

74
Q

What is #1?

A

2° lymphoid nodule

2° is bigger than 1°, has germinal center

75
Q

What is #2?

A

1° lymphoid nodule

1° is smaller than 2°, no germinal center

76
Q

What structure is circled in red?

A

active 2° lymphoid nodule with germinal center

77
Q

What type of epithelium is the pink arrow pointing to?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

78
Q

What structure is #1?

A

lymphatic nodule

79
Q

What structures are #2?

A

tonsilar crypts

80
Q

What structures are #3?

A

lymphatic nodules

81
Q

What structure is circled in green?

A

1° lymphoid nodule (inactive) = no germinal center

82
Q

What structure is #1?

A

white pulp

83
Q

What structure is #2?

A

red pulp

84
Q

What are the areas represented by RP?

A

red pulp

85
Q

What structure is #3?

A

white pulp

86
Q

What structure is #4?

A

white pulp

87
Q

What structure is #5?

A

white pulp

88
Q

What structure is #6 (pink arrow)?

A

PALS

89
Q

What structure is circled in green?

A

central artery

90
Q

What structure is #7?

A

trabecular vein

91
Q

What structure is #8?

A

capsule

92
Q

What structure is #9?

A

PALS

93
Q

What structure is #10?

A

trabecula

94
Q

What are the areas represented by WP?

A

white pulp

95
Q

What is #1?

A

white pulp

96
Q

What is #2?

A

PALS

97
Q

What is #3?

A

germinal center

98
Q

What is #4?

A

marginal zone

99
Q

What is #5?

A

central artery

100
Q

What is #6?

A

red pulp

101
Q

What is #1 & #7 (same structure)?

A

lymphatic nodule

102
Q

What is #2?

A

red pulp

103
Q

What is #3?

A

germinal center

104
Q

What is #4?

A

marginal zone

105
Q

Case: Hereditary Spherocytosis
A 25-year-old Japanese man was seen at the doctors office with mild anemia with reticulocytosis, increased serum unconjugated bilirubin and splenomegaly suggesting the presence of persistent hemolysis. The blood film showed a moderate anisocytosis (variability of size of erythrocytes), increased spherocytes (small, globular erythrocytes). Additional tests were done and the results were consistent with a diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis (HS). The splenomegaly in this disease was associated with spleen’s involvement in active removal of abnormal red blood cells, spherocytes.
Question: Which of the following cells in the spleen were primarily involved in this process?

A. Endothelial
B. Macrophages
C. Periarterial Lymphatic sheath
D. Reticular
E. Lymphoid nodule

A

B. Macrophages = phagocytosis of abnormal RBCs

Endothelial = gaps allow passage of RBCs
Periarterial Lymphatic sheath = T cells
Reticular = type III collagen = capsule
Lymphoid nodule = B cells

106
Q
  1. Identify this organ:
    a. Adenoid tonsil
    b. Lymphoid node
    c. Thymus
    d. Spleen
A

c. Thymus

107
Q
  1. What type of cell is located in the deep cortex of lymphoid nodes and is responsible for eliciting the adaptive immune response?
    a. B-cell
    b. Macrophage
    c. T-cell
    d. Plasma cell
A

c. T- cells

108
Q
  1. Identify the indicated structure:
    a. Medulla
    b. Lymphoid nodule
    c. Periarterial lymphatic sheath
    d. Red pulp
A

b. Lymphois nodule

109
Q
  1. Which secondary lymphoid structure contains T-cells?
    a. Red pulp of the spleen
    b. Outer cortex of the lymphoid nodes
    c. Lymphatic nodules of the appendix
    d. Periarterial lymphatic sheath of the spleen
A

d. Periarterial lymphatic sheath of the spleen

110
Q
  1. What are the two primary lymphoid organs in the body that undergo involution?
    a. Appendix and spleen
    b. Bone marrow and thymus
    c. Spleen and thymus
    d. Diffuse lymphatic tissue and bone marrow
A

b. Bone marrow and thymus

111
Q
  1. Identify the following organ:
    a. Palatine tonsil
    b. Spleen
    c. Lymph node
    d. Thymus
A

a. Palatine tonsil

Histology Exam 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions