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Histology Exam 2 > Lecture 3: Integument > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Integument Flashcards

1
Q

List functions of the skin (6)

A

1) Barrier
2) Homeostasis
3) Immunologic
4) Sensory
5) Endocrine
6) Excretion

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2
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the integumentary system?

A
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis)
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3
Q

What makes up the dermis layer of the integumentary system?

A

Connective tissue in 2 layers:

1) loose CT = papillary
2) dense irregular = reticular

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4
Q

What is the purpose of a skin barrier?

A
  • It is between the body and the environment
  • Acts as a barrier against external environments entering and internal environments escaping
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5
Q

What is the function of homeostasis?

A

Helps regulate body temperature and water loss

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6
Q

What is the function of immunologic?

A

Interacts with antigens and processes them for presentation to the immune system

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7
Q

What does the sensory function of the skin do?

A

Receive information from the environment

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8
Q

What does the endocrine function of the skin do?

A

Secretes hormones, growth factors, and converts precursors of vitamin D

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9
Q

What does the excretion function of the skin do?

A

Excretion is through sweat glands of water and ions

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10
Q

What type of epithelium does the epidermis have?

A

stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium

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11
Q

The epidermis has 5 identifiable layers in _____ skin.

A

thick

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12
Q

How many identifiable layers does the dermis have?

A

2

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13
Q

What type of tissue makes up the dermis layer?

A

connective

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14
Q

The ______ is NOT typically considered a layer of skin.

A

hypodermis

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15
Q

What type of epithelium is ectodermal?

A

stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium

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16
Q

What are the 5 layers (strata) of the epidermis?

A

From Deep to Superficial

1) Stratum germinativum
2) Stratum spinosum
3) Stratum granulosum
4) Stratum lucidum
5) Stratum corneum

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17
Q

Which layers of the epidermis have a layer of cell mitosis?

A

1) Stratum germinativum
2) Stratum spinosum

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18
Q

What is the stratum germinativum also called?

A

stratum basale

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19
Q

What type of epithelial cells composes the stratum germinativum?

A

single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells which rest on a basal lamina

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20
Q

What attaches the basal cells to the basal lamina in stratum germinativum?

A

hemidesmosomes

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21
Q

What attaches adjacent cells in stratum germinativum?

A

desmosomes

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22
Q

What makes up the stratum spinosum? What do they form?

A

polygonal cells that have spiny projections that form intercellular bridges

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23
Q

Which layers of the epidermis are referred to as the Malpighian layer?

A

Stratum germinativum & Stratum spinosum

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24
Q

What are the non-membrane bound granules of the stratum granulosum?

A

basophilic and keratohyaline

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25
Q

What are the membrane-bound granules of the stratum granulosum?

A

membrane-coating granules

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26
Q

What do the membrane-coating granules of the stratum granulosum contain?

A

glycosaminoglycans and phospholipids that are extruded into extracellular space = form a barrier to microorganisms, foreign substances, and water

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27
Q

What do keratinocytes produce as they mature and differentiate?

A

keratin hyaline granules and lamellar bodies

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28
Q

What is the function of lamellar bodies?

A

involved in formation of water barrier

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29
Q

What is the function of keratin hyaline granules?

A

increase in number and release contents into the cytoplasm as the cell dies

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30
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is most prominent in thick skin?

A

stratum lucidum

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31
Q

What makes up the stratum lucidum?

A

translucent layer of acidophilic cells that are devoid of nuclei and organelles

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32
Q

What makes up the stratum corneum?

A

flattened keratin-filled cells devoid of any organelles including the nucleus

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33
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is called horny cells or squams?

A

stratum corneum

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34
Q

Explain levels of damage in 1st degree burns
Low yield

A
  • Damage to superficial epidermis
  • Cells of stratum germinativum remain viable and regenerate epidermis
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35
Q

Explain levels of damage in 2nd degree burns
Low yield

A
  • Epidermis completely destroyed
  • Remnants of sweat glands and hair follicles in the dermis are able to regenerate the epidermis
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36
Q

Explain levels of damage in 3rd-degree burns

Low yield

A
  • Full-thickness burn
  • Destroys epidermis and dermis
  • Skin grafts are typically necessary
  • Loss of body fluids can cause hypovolemia and shock (15 % of body area in adults, 10% of body area in children)
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37
Q

List the cells found in the epidermis (4)

A

1) Keratinocytes = ectodermal origin
2) Melanocytes = neural crest origin
3) Langerhans cells = dendritic, antigen-presenting cells
4) Merkel cells = specialized keratinocytes involved in touch

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38
Q

What is the predominant cell type in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

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39
Q

Keratinocytes give rise to which layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum (protective dead cell layer)

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40
Q

Where does basal cell carcinoma only arise?

A

regions of skin containing sebaceous glands

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41
Q

What part of the body is basal cell carcinoma usually found?

A

eyelids and bridge of nose

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42
Q

Who does basal cell carcinoma typically affect?

A

Occur after age of 40 in fair-skinned individuals

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43
Q

What does basal cell carcinoma look like histologically?

A

form discrete nests or islands of cells that resemble normal basal cells

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44
Q

What does squamous cell carcinoma look like histologically?

A
  • complete replacement of normal epithelium with pleomorphic epithelium
  • penetrates dermis in later stages
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45
Q

Which layer of the epidermis are Langerhans cells mostly found?

A

stratum spinosum

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46
Q

Which type of cells are NOT attached to adjacent keratinocytes by desmosomes?

A

Langerhans cells

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47
Q

What is the role of Langerhans cells?

A

responsible for engulfing invading microorganisms in the epidermis and presenting antigens to lymphoid cells

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48
Q

What are Langerhans cells derived from? **HIGH YIELD **

A

Mesoderm

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49
Q

What technique is used to visualize Langerhans cells?

A
  • Gold impregnation technique
  • Cannot be distinguished easily in H&E-stained tissue
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50
Q

What are melanocytes derived from?
HIGH YIELD

A

neural crest cells

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51
Q

Which layer of the epidermis are melanocytes found?

A

stratum germinativum with hemidesmosomes

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52
Q

Which cells are NOT connected to surrounding keratinocytes by desmosomes, but can be attached to the basal lamina by hemidesmosome?

A

melanocytes

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53
Q

Melanocytes contain a large amount of which enzyme?

A

tyrosinase

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54
Q

What is the function of tyrosinase?

A

responsible for conversion of tyrosine through a series of steps to produce melanin

55
Q

What is the process called when melanin granules are injected into keratinocytes?

A

cytocrine secretion

56
Q

What is the role of melanin granules?

A
  • Protect the dividing cells from UV radiation (think of forming an umbrella over the nucleus)
  • Eventually, fuse with lysosomes in the keratinocytes and are degraded by the time the keratinocytes reach the stratum granulosum
57
Q

Which type of cancer is 2% of skin cancers?

A

malignant melanoma

58
Q

Why is malignant melanoma very metastatic?

A

B/c of their neural crest origin = highly migratory cells

59
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

thick skin where touch is acute

60
Q

Why do Merkel cells appear to be mechanoreceptive cells?

A

associated with nerve endings

61
Q

What does the papillary layer of dermis contain?

A

Loose CT containing:
- fibroblasts
- mast cells
-macrophages
- leukocytes = major part of the dermal papillae or pegs

62
Q

What is the reticular layer of the dermis composed of?

A

Dense irregular CT = composed of collagen Type 1 fiber & fewer cells than papillary layer

63
Q

Where is thick (glabrous) skin found?

A

areas exposed to greater wear and abrasion = palms of hands and soles of feet

64
Q

True or False: Thick (glabrous) skin is hairless with no sebaceous glands.

A

True

65
Q

True or False: Thin skin has all 5 epidermal layers with a prominent stratum lucidum and a thick stratum corneum.

A

False, thick skin

66
Q

Where is thin skin found?

A

rest of the body

67
Q

True or False: Thick skin has no distinct stratum lucidum and a quite thin stratum corneum

A

False, thin skin

68
Q

Where is the hypodermis located?

A

deep to the dermis BUT NOT CONSIDERED PART OF SKIN

69
Q

What is the hypodermis also called?

A

superficial fascia or subcutaneous CT

70
Q

List appendages of the skin (5)

A
  • hair follicles
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous glands
  • mammary glands
  • nails
71
Q

What are hair follicles?

A

invaginations of epidermis which during periods of growth have bulbous terminal dilations = the hair bulb

72
Q

Where is the hair bulb located?

A

Rests upon dermal papilla = contains capillaries that nourish the hair follicle

73
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A

1) eccrine sweat glands
2) apocrine sweat glands

74
Q

What type of glands are eccrine sweat glands? What do they secrete?

A
  • simple, coiled tubular glands
  • secrete a non-viscous fluid = evaporation of the fluid cools skin
75
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are also _______.

A

excretory

76
Q

What do eccrine sweat glands contain?

A

catabolites

77
Q

What are myoepithelial cells?

A
  • specialized cells that squeeze the secretions from the sweat acini
  • epithelial cells NOT smooth muscle cells
78
Q

Why are myoepithelial cells acidophilic?

A

They contain actin filaments

79
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands located?

A

specialized glands located in axillary, areolar, and anal regions

80
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A
  • the skin of the lips
  • glands of the penis
  • clitoris
81
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

sebum by holocrine secretion

82
Q

Most carcinomas of the breast are _______ (glandular)

A

adenocarcinomas

83
Q

What occurs in stage 1 breast cancer?

A

<2 cm = no nodal involvement

84
Q

What occurs in stage II breast cancer?

A

2-5cm = without nodal involvement

85
Q

What occurs in stage III breast cancer?

A

> 5cm = with or without nodal involvement

86
Q

What occurs in stage IV breast cancer?

A

any tumor involving the thoracic wall or skin or any tumor involving homolateral infraclavicular or supraclavicular nodes

87
Q

The nail root is the _____ region of the nails

A

germinal

88
Q

The nail bed consists of which epidermis layers?

A

stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum only (the malpighian layer)

89
Q

What does the epithelium of the nail bed arise from?

A

nail matrix

90
Q

The nail grows from _____ end and slides over the _____ bed.

A

proximal, nail

91
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

unmyelinated axons that penetrate the basal lamina of the epidermis to enter the stratum germinativum and spinosum

92
Q

What is the ONLY type of receptor found in the cornea?

A

free nerve endings

93
Q

What is the function of free nerve endings?

A
  • involved in temperature and pain perception
  • also function in crude touch
94
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscles most abundant?

A
  • thick (glabrous) skin
  • the skin of the lips
  • nipples
95
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscles found?

A

within the dermal papillae of thick skin

96
Q

What is the function of Meissner’s corpuscle?

A
  • involved in discriminative touch
  • ability to discriminate two points
97
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found?

A

dermis and hypodermis of both thick and thin skin

98
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles most abundant?

A

skin of fingertips

99
Q

Which layer of the epidermis are the arrows pointing to?

A

Stratum Corneum

100
Q

Is this picture showing thick skin or thin skin?

A

Thick skin

101
Q

Which layer of the dermis is #1?

A

Reticular layer

102
Q

What is #1?

A

Dermis papillary layer

103
Q

What is #2?

A

Epidermis

104
Q

What is #3?

A

Arrectores pilorum

105
Q

What is #4?

A

Dermis reticular layer

106
Q

What is #1?

A

Apocrine sweat glands

107
Q

What layer of the dermis is #1?

A

Papillary

108
Q

What layer of the dermis is #2?

A

Reticular

109
Q

Which type of cancer is this image showing?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

110
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is #1?

A

Stratum germinativum

111
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is #2?

A

Stratum spinosum

112
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is #3?

A

Stratum granulosum

113
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is layer #4?

A

Stratum lucidum

114
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is layer #5?

A

Stratum corneum

115
Q

Which layer of the epidermis are the arrows pointing to?

A

Stratum lucidum

116
Q

Which layer of the skin is #1?

A

Epidermis

117
Q

Which layer of the skin is #2?

A

Dermis

118
Q

Which layer of the skin is #3? Hint: It is NOT typically considered a layer of the skin

A

Hypodermis

119
Q

Which type of sweat glands are the arrows pointing to?

A

Eccrine sweat glands

120
Q

Which layer of the dermis is #1?

A

Papillary

121
Q

The stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum are referred to as this layer. What layer is the blue bracket pointing to?

A

Malphigan layer

122
Q

What is #1?

A

Pacinian Corpuscle

123
Q

What is #1?

A

Sebaceous gland

124
Q

What is #2?

A

Papilla hair root

125
Q

What is #3?

A

Hair follicle

126
Q

What is #4?

A

Skeletal (striated) muscle

127
Q

What are the two structures in this image

A

Hair follicles

128
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is the blue bracket pointing to?

A

Stratum granulosum

129
Q

What are Langerhans cells derived from? HIGH YIELD

A

Mesoderm

130
Q
  1. What cell type is derived from mesoderm & functions as APCs in the stratum spinosum?
    a. Melanocytes
    b. Merkel cells
    c. Langerhans
    d. Keratinocytes
A

c. Langerhans

131
Q
  1. Which of the following is typically found in thick skin?
    a. Sebaceous glands
    b. Meissner’s corpuscles
    c. Arrector pili muscles
    d. Dermal papilla
A

b. Meissner’s corpuscles

132
Q
  1. Which of the following is typically found in thin skin?
    a. Stratum lucidum
    b. Lack of hair follicles
    c. Goblet cells
    d. Arrector pili muscles
A

d. Arrector pili muscles

133
Q
  1. Identify the following structure:
    a. Arrector pili muscle
    b. Eccrine sweat gland
    c. Sebaceous gland
    d. Hair root
A

c. Sebaceous gland

134
Q
  1. Identify the following structure:
    a. Dermal papilla
    b. External root sheath
    c. Internal root sheath
    d. Hair cuticle
A

a. Dermal papilla

Histology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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