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Histology Exam 2 > Lecture 4: Eye > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions (4) of the eye?

A

1) Regulate the amount of light entering the eye
2) Focus light to form an image (lens→neural retina)
3) Converts light into neural activity (rods+cones)
4) Analyzes visual images before relaying information to the brain (via optic n.)

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2
Q

List chambers of the eye

A

Anterior chamber, Posterior chamber, Vitreous chamber

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3
Q

Where is the anterior chamber located? (3)

A

Space defined by the

  • (behind) cornea
  • (in front) iris and lens
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4
Q

Which chambers are filled with aqueous humor?

A

Anterior & Posterior chamber

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5
Q

Which chamber is filled with gelatinous vitreous humor?

A

Vitreous chamber

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6
Q

Where is the posterior chamber located? (4)

A

Space defined by the
* (behind) iris
* (in front) lens, zonule fibers, ciliary body

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7
Q

Where is the vitreous chamber located? (3)

A

Space defined by the

  • (behind) lens, zonule fibers (ciliary body)
  • (completely surrounds) retina
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8
Q

What is the outermost layer of the eye?

A

Retinal layer

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9
Q

What does the retinal layer contain? (2)

A

neural retina, retinal pigment epithelium

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10
Q

What does the choroid (middle-pigmented) layer contain? (3)

A
  • Choroid
  • Iris
  • Ciliary body
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11
Q

What does the corneoscleral layer contain? (2)

A
  • Cornea
  • Sclera
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12
Q

What is the middle vascular layer of the eye?

A

Choroid layer

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13
Q

What is the outer fibrous layer of the eye?

A

Corneoscleral layer

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14
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea?

A

1) Epithelium
2) Bowman’s layer (membrane)
3) Stroma
4) Descemet’s layer (membrane)
5) Corneal endothelium

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15
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the epithelium layer of the cornea?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinized corneal epithelium

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16
Q

What type of tissue makes up the stroma layer of the cornea?

A

dense regular CT

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17
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the corneal endothelium layer of the cornea?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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18
Q

What type of tissue composes the choroid?

A

loose CT

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19
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

highly vascularized pigmented

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20
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body?

A

regulated fine focus by adjusting the shape of the lens via parasympathetically innervated ciliary muscles

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21
Q

What does the ciliary body contain?

A

ciliary processes and zonule fibers

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22
Q

What are zonule fibers?

A

fine ligaments connecting ciliary body to lens

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23
Q

What is the source of aqueous humor?

A

ciliary processes

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24
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

regulates amount of light entering the eye by changing size of pupil

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25
Q

Which muscle of the iris is sympathetically innervated?

A

dilator pupillae muscle

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26
Q

Which muscle of the iris is parasympathetically innervated?

A

constrictor pupillae muscle

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27
Q

What is the lens?

A

biconvex transparent avascular tissue

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28
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

provides fine focus of the visual image by changing shape via ciliary muscle

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29
Q

What is the outer capsule of the lens composed of?

A

thick basement membrane

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30
Q

What are opacities called?

A

cataracts

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31
Q

What do the anterior epithelial cells of the lens differentiate into?

A

elongated fiber cells

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32
Q

What are the ten layers of the retina?

A

From Superficial to Deep

1) Retinal pigment epithelium
2) Rod and cone photoreceptor outer segments
3) Outer limiting membrane
4) Outer nuclear layer (photoreceptor cell bodies)
5) Outer synaptic layer
6) Inner nuclear layer (interneurons)
7) Inner synaptic (plexiform) layer
8) Ganglion cell bodies
9) Ganglion cell axons
10) Inner limiting membranes

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33
Q

What does the retinal pigment epithelium form?

A
  • blood retina barrier
  • absorbs stray/excess light
  • phagocytize shed photoreceptors (rods and cones) outer segments/discs
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34
Q

What is the function of rods and cones?

A
  • detect light and color
  • rods detect low light and are used for night vision
  • cones detect color
35
Q

What does the outer limiting membrane of the retina form?

A

row of zonulae adherens from Muller cells

36
Q

What forms the outer nuclear layer of the retina?

A

nuclei of rods and cones

37
Q

What is the function of the outer plexiform (synaptic) layer?

A

processes photoreceptor cells

38
Q

What does the inner nuclei layer of the retina contain?

A

nuclei from:

  • Muller cells
  • Amacrine cells
  • Bipolar cells
  • Horizontal cells
  • Interplexiform cells
39
Q

What does the inner plexiform (synaptic) layer contain?

A

neuronal processes

40
Q

What does the ganglion cell bodies layer of large multipolar neurons synapse with?

A

inner plexiform and axonal process of optic nerve

41
Q

Where do optic nerve fibers (layer of the retina) originate from?

A

ganglion cells

42
Q

The inner limiting membrane layer of the retina is the basal lamina of which cells?

A

Muller’s cells

43
Q

What is the function of photoreceptors?

A

phototransduction to convert light into neural activity

44
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

process neural signals

45
Q

What is the function of ganglion cells?

A

transmit visual signals to brain via optic nerve

46
Q

What is the pigment called that rods contain?

A

rhodopsin

47
Q

What is the pigment called that cones contain?

A

iodopsin

48
Q

Each cone responds maximally to what colors?

A

red, green, blue

49
Q

Where is the fovea (macula) located?

A

back of retina in line with visual axis, specialized to maximize visual acuity

50
Q

What does the fovea (macula) NOT contain?

A

blood vessels

51
Q

What structure of the eye only contains cones?

A

fovea (macula)

52
Q

What is the origin of the optic nerve?

A

optic disk or papilla

53
Q

Which structure of the eye is known as the “blind spot”?

A

optic disk or papilla

54
Q

What is the anterior most border of the multilayered neural retina?

A

ora serrata

55
Q

Why is the optic disk the “blind spot” of the eye?

A

There are no receptors where the optic nerve exits the eye

56
Q

What is the function of the eyelid?

A

protect exposed surface of eye

57
Q

What covers the outer surface of the eyelid?

A

thin skin

58
Q

What covers the inner surface of the eyelid?

A

conjunctiva

59
Q

What type of epithelium is the inner surface (conjunctiva) of the eyelid?

A

stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

60
Q

What does the eyelid contain?

A

1) tarsal plate = fibroelastic CT
2) orbicularis muscle
3) large sebaceous Meibomium glands
4) small sebaceous Zeis glands
5) Moll sweat glands

61
Q

What is #1? HIGH YIELD

A

Posterior chamber

62
Q

What is #2? HIGH YIELD

A

Anterior chamber

63
Q

What is #3? HIGH YIELD

A

Lens

64
Q

What is #4? HIGH YIELD

A

Iris

65
Q

What is #5? HIGH YIELD

A

Cornea

66
Q

What is #6? **HIGH YIELD **

A

Sclera

67
Q

What is #7 and #8 (same structure)? **HIGH YIELD **

A

Ciliary body

68
Q

What is #9? HIGH YIELD

A

Artifact of Prep

69
Q

What is #1? HIGH YIELD

A

Conjunctiva

70
Q

What is #2? HIGH YIELD

A

Meibomium glands

71
Q

What is #1? HIGH YIELD

A

Orbicularis oculi muscle

72
Q

What is #2? HIGH YIELD

A

Conjunctiva

73
Q

What is #3? HIGH YIELD

A

Meibomium glands

74
Q

What is #4?

A

Moll gland

74
Q

What is #5? HIGH YIELD

A

Zeis gland

75
Q

What is #6?

A

Thin skin

76
Q
  1. The aqueous humor located in the anterior chamber is in contact with the cornea. Which of the following corneal structures makes up the inner surface?
    a. Bowman’s membrane
    b. Endothelium
    c. Descemet’s membrane
    d. Epithelium
A

b. Endothelium

77
Q
  1. A patient presents to the ER with retinal detachment, which is caused by the separation of the neural retina from which structure?
    a. Choroid
    b. Vitreous body
    c. Photoreceptor cells
    d. Retinal pigment epithelium
A

d. Retinal pigment epithelium

78
Q
  1. As a ray of light enters the vitreous body and passes through the retina, which of the following retinal layers will the light pass through first?
    a. Outer limiting membrane
    b. Inner nuclear layer
    c. Ganglion cell layer
    d. Rods and cones
A

c. Ganglion cell layer

79
Q
  1. Identify the layer:
    a. Outer limiting membrane
    b. Ganglion cell layer
    c. Inner plexiform layer
    d. Outer nuclear layer
A

d. Outer nuclear layer

80
Q
  1. Identify the space:
    a. Anterior chamber
    b. Posterior chamber
    c. Vitreous body
    d. Canal of Schlemm
A

b. Posterior chamber

81
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

~75% of light focusing onto the retina

82
Q

What structure of the eye is the site of greatest visual acuity?

A

fovea (macula)

83
Q

What is macular degeneration?

A
  • breakdown of fovea (macula) = loss of center view
  • peripheral view (vision) is still intact

Histology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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