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Histology Exam 2 > Lecture 1: Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the heart from outer to inner?

A

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

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2
Q

What is epicardium composed of? (4)

A
  • Coronary vessel
  • Adipose tissue
  • Nerves
  • Visceral pericardium
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3
Q

What is the myocardium composed of?

A

Cardiac muscle (ex: myocyte, intercalated disks)

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4
Q

What are the layers of the endocardium? (3)

A
  • Endothelium
  • Subendothelium
  • Subendocardium = contains Purkenjie fibers
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5
Q

The largest arteries in the body (aorta, pulmonary trunk) are which type of arteries?

A

Elastic

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6
Q

What makes up the tunica intima?

A

Endothelial cells & Subendothelial layer of CT

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7
Q

Which type of collagen is found in reticular fibers?

A

Type III

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8
Q

Does the heart contain a stem cell such as the satellite cell which can differentiate and replaces the damaged myocytes? Why or why not?

A

No b/c while skeletal muscle cells possess satellite cells, cardiac tissue does NOT

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9
Q

The inside of the heart is lined with ________.

A

Endothelium = simple squamous epithelium

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10
Q

The outside of the heart is lined with _______.

A

Mesothelium = simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What are purkenjie cells?

A

conducting cells (modified myocytes)

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12
Q

Where do portal systems occur?

A

between 2 capillary beds

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13
Q

What are the two types of portal systems? Where are they located?

A
  • Arterial system = located in kidneys & has an arteriole between the 2 beds
  • Venous system = located in liver & has vein between the 2 beds
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14
Q

What are the layers of the blood vessels from outer to inner?

A

1) Tunica Adventitia
2) Tunica Media
3) Tunica Intima

“You go OUTSIDE to have an ADVENTURE”
“You post on social MEDIA”
“ You stay INSIDE for an INTIMATE evening”

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15
Q

What covers the inside of the tunica adventitia? It is composed of which type of fibers?

A

External elastic lamina = elastic fibers

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16
Q

Which type of fibers make up the tunica adventitia?

A

elastic fibers

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17
Q

What makes up the tunic media?

A

elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells

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18
Q

What covers the inside of the tunica media? It is composed of which type of fibers?

A

Internal elastic lamina = elastic fibers

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19
Q

What cell type makes up the tunica intima?

A

smooth muscle cells

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20
Q

What lines the inside of the blood vessel?

A

endothelium

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21
Q

What do large veins like the vena cava contain that arteries do not?

A

valves

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22
Q

What makes up the arterioles?

A

1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells

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23
Q

Where are continuous capillaries located (2) and what do they contain?

A
  • Muscles and nerve tissue
  • Contain fully intact membrane = has no holes in it = no diffusion
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24
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries located and what do they contain?

A
  • Digestive organs and pancreas (some endocrine glands)
  • Contain perforated membrane = has some holes = some diffusion
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25
Q

Where are sinusoidal (aka discontinuous) capillaries located (3) and what do they contain?

A
  • Liver, spleen, bone marrow
  • Contain incomplete membrane = has large gaps = diffusion of large products (i.e. RBCs)
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26
Q

What does the neurovascular bundle contain?

A

nerve, artery, vein, and lymph

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27
Q

How would you identify a nerve image in a neurovascular bundle?

A

no lumen, but several nerve fascicles (bundle of fibers)

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28
Q

How would you identify an artery in a neurovascular bundle?

A

thick tunica media (mostly SMCs) & red colored lumen due to RBCs

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29
Q

How would you identify a vein in a neurovascular bundle?

A

thin tunica media + irregularly shaped lumen

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30
Q

How would you identify lymph in a neurovascular bundle?

A

contains only endothelium

31
Q

What causes a myocardial infarction?

A

Caused by a build-up of cholesterol (atherosclerosis)

  • Cholesterol damages endothelium
  • Formation of plaque then blocks the artery preventing flow
32
Q

Explain the process of myocardial repair

A

1) Blockage of coronary arteries = complete blood loss = muscle tissue dies

2) Neutrophils & macrophages clear out areas of dead (necrotic) cells

3) Fibroblasts use collagen to form scar tissue

33
Q

How does congestive heart failure (CHF) occur?

A

Occurs when heart is unable to pump enough blood due to cardiac hypertrophy

34
Q

What is #1?

A

Epithelium

35
Q

What is #2?

A

Subendothelium

36
Q

What is #3?

A

Subendocardium

37
Q

What is #4?

A

Myocytes

37
Q

What is #5?

A

Intercalated discs

38
Q

What is circled?

A

Purkenjie cells

39
Q

What is #1?

A

Elastic artery

40
Q

What is #2?

A

Semilunar valve leaflets

41
Q

What is #1?

A

Tunica media

42
Q

What is #2

A

Tunica intima

43
Q

What is #3?

A

Endothelium

44
Q

What is #1?

A

Adventitia

45
Q

What is #2?

A

Media

46
Q

What is #3?

A

Intima

47
Q

What is #1?

A

Internal elastic lamina

48
Q

What is #2?

A

Media

49
Q

What is #3?

A

Lumen

50
Q

What is #4?

A

External elastic lamina

51
Q

What is #1?

A

Vein

52
Q

What is #2?

A

Muscular artery

53
Q

What is #3?

A

Adipose

54
Q

What is #4?

A

Muscle

55
Q

What is #5?

A

Nerve

56
Q

What is #6?

A

Fascial sheath

56
Q

What is #6?

A

Fascial sheath

57
Q

What is #1?

A

Internal elastic lamina

58
Q

What is #2?

A

Endothelium (intima)

59
Q

What is #3?

A

Media = more cells than fibers (stained dark purple)

60
Q

What is #4?

A

External elastic lamina

61
Q

What is #5?

A

Adventitia

62
Q

What do endothelial cells (simple squamous) secrete? (5)

HIGH yield

A
  • Von Willebrand factor = bloot clot formation
  • Endothelin = Vasoconstrcitors (contracts vessels)
  • Collagen 2, 4, 5= ECM fibers
  • Fibronectin = glycoprotein in ECM
  • Laminin = glycoprotein in ECM
63
Q

What 3 systems are activated to maintain cardiac output?

A

1) Increase in catecholamines from SNS = results in peripheral vasoconstriction = increased venous return
2) Renin-angiotensisn-aldosterone (RAAS) decreases kidney filtration & increases fluid retention = increases blood volume
3) Cardiac hypertrophy from increased sarcomeres in either parallel or series

64
Q

What is does concentric hypertrophy cause?

A

increases wall thickness (parallel sarcomere replication)

65
Q

What does eccentric hypertrophy cause?

A

increases wall length (series sarcomere replication)

66
Q
  1. The identified cells help to conduct impulses across the heart. What is the cell type indicated?
    a. Myocytes
    b. Specialized nerve fibers
    c. Purkenjie fibers
    d. Smooth muscle fibers
A

c. Purkenjie fibers

67
Q
  1. Identify the indicated structure:
    a. External elastic lamina
    b. Internal elastic lamina
    c. Tunica media
    d. Tunica adventitia
A

b. Internal elastic lamina

68
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature between larger veins, like the vena cava, and arteries?
    a. Veins have valves whereas arteries do not have valves
    b. The tunica adventitia in veins is not as clearly delimited as it is in arteries
    c. The walls in veins are thinner than the walls in arteries
    d. The tunica media in veins consists of elastic fibers whereas arteries consist of reticular fibers
A

d. The tunica media in veins consists of elastic fibers whereas arteries consist of reticular fibers

69
Q
  1. Continuous capillaries are most commonly seen in which of the following?
    a. Kidney
    b. Bone marrow
    c. Spleen
    d. Muscle
A

d. Muscle

70
Q
  1. Identify the following structure:
    a. Medium vein
    b. Aorta
    c. Vena cava
    d. Muscular artery
A

a. Medium vein

71
Q
  1. Identify the following structure:
    a. Arteriole
    b. Medium vein
    c. Muscular artery
    d. Elastic artery
A

a. Arteriole

Histology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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