Lecture 1: Cardiovascular Flashcards
What are the layers of the heart from outer to inner?
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
What is epicardium composed of? (4)
- Coronary vessel
- Adipose tissue
- Nerves
- Visceral pericardium
What is the myocardium composed of?
Cardiac muscle (ex: myocyte, intercalated disks)
What are the layers of the endocardium? (3)
- Endothelium
- Subendothelium
- Subendocardium = contains Purkenjie fibers
The largest arteries in the body (aorta, pulmonary trunk) are which type of arteries?
Elastic
What makes up the tunica intima?
Endothelial cells & Subendothelial layer of CT
Which type of collagen is found in reticular fibers?
Type III
Does the heart contain a stem cell such as the satellite cell which can differentiate and replaces the damaged myocytes? Why or why not?
No b/c while skeletal muscle cells possess satellite cells, cardiac tissue does NOT
The inside of the heart is lined with ________.
Endothelium = simple squamous epithelium
The outside of the heart is lined with _______.
Mesothelium = simple squamous epithelium
What are purkenjie cells?
conducting cells (modified myocytes)
Where do portal systems occur?
between 2 capillary beds
What are the two types of portal systems? Where are they located?
- Arterial system = located in kidneys & has an arteriole between the 2 beds
- Venous system = located in liver & has vein between the 2 beds
What are the layers of the blood vessels from outer to inner?
1) Tunica Adventitia
2) Tunica Media
3) Tunica Intima
“You go OUTSIDE to have an ADVENTURE”
“You post on social MEDIA”
“ You stay INSIDE for an INTIMATE evening”
What covers the inside of the tunica adventitia? It is composed of which type of fibers?
External elastic lamina = elastic fibers
Which type of fibers make up the tunica adventitia?
elastic fibers
What makes up the tunic media?
elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells
What covers the inside of the tunica media? It is composed of which type of fibers?
Internal elastic lamina = elastic fibers
What cell type makes up the tunica intima?
smooth muscle cells
What lines the inside of the blood vessel?
endothelium
What do large veins like the vena cava contain that arteries do not?
valves
What makes up the arterioles?
1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells
Where are continuous capillaries located (2) and what do they contain?
- Muscles and nerve tissue
- Contain fully intact membrane = has no holes in it = no diffusion
Where are fenestrated capillaries located and what do they contain?
- Digestive organs and pancreas (some endocrine glands)
- Contain perforated membrane = has some holes = some diffusion
Where are sinusoidal (aka discontinuous) capillaries located (3) and what do they contain?
- Liver, spleen, bone marrow
- Contain incomplete membrane = has large gaps = diffusion of large products (i.e. RBCs)
What does the neurovascular bundle contain?
nerve, artery, vein, and lymph
How would you identify a nerve image in a neurovascular bundle?
no lumen, but several nerve fascicles (bundle of fibers)
How would you identify an artery in a neurovascular bundle?
thick tunica media (mostly SMCs) & red colored lumen due to RBCs
How would you identify a vein in a neurovascular bundle?
thin tunica media + irregularly shaped lumen
How would you identify lymph in a neurovascular bundle?
contains only endothelium
What causes a myocardial infarction?
Caused by a build-up of cholesterol (atherosclerosis)
- Cholesterol damages endothelium
- Formation of plaque then blocks the artery preventing flow
Explain the process of myocardial repair
1) Blockage of coronary arteries = complete blood loss = muscle tissue dies
2) Neutrophils & macrophages clear out areas of dead (necrotic) cells
3) Fibroblasts use collagen to form scar tissue
How does congestive heart failure (CHF) occur?
Occurs when heart is unable to pump enough blood due to cardiac hypertrophy
What is #1?
Epithelium
What is #2?
Subendothelium
What is #3?
Subendocardium
What is #4?
Myocytes
What is #5?
Intercalated discs
What is circled?
Purkenjie cells
What is #1?
Elastic artery
What is #2?
Semilunar valve leaflets
What is #1?
Tunica media
What is #2
Tunica intima
What is #3?
Endothelium
What is #1?
Adventitia
What is #2?
Media
What is #3?
Intima
What is #1?
Internal elastic lamina
What is #2?
Media
What is #3?
Lumen
What is #4?
External elastic lamina
What is #1?
Vein
What is #2?
Muscular artery
What is #3?
Adipose
What is #4?
Muscle
What is #5?
Nerve
What is #6?
Fascial sheath
What is #6?
Fascial sheath
What is #1?
Internal elastic lamina
What is #2?
Endothelium (intima)
What is #3?
Media = more cells than fibers (stained dark purple)
What is #4?
External elastic lamina
What is #5?
Adventitia
What do endothelial cells (simple squamous) secrete? (5)
HIGH yield
- Von Willebrand factor = bloot clot formation
- Endothelin = Vasoconstrcitors (contracts vessels)
- Collagen 2, 4, 5= ECM fibers
- Fibronectin = glycoprotein in ECM
- Laminin = glycoprotein in ECM
What 3 systems are activated to maintain cardiac output?
1) Increase in catecholamines from SNS = results in peripheral vasoconstriction = increased venous return
2) Renin-angiotensisn-aldosterone (RAAS) decreases kidney filtration & increases fluid retention = increases blood volume
3) Cardiac hypertrophy from increased sarcomeres in either parallel or series
What is does concentric hypertrophy cause?
increases wall thickness (parallel sarcomere replication)
What does eccentric hypertrophy cause?
increases wall length (series sarcomere replication)
- The identified cells help to conduct impulses across the heart. What is the cell type indicated?
a. Myocytes
b. Specialized nerve fibers
c. Purkenjie fibers
d. Smooth muscle fibers
c. Purkenjie fibers
- Identify the indicated structure:
a. External elastic lamina
b. Internal elastic lamina
c. Tunica media
d. Tunica adventitia
b. Internal elastic lamina
- Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature between larger veins, like the vena cava, and arteries?
a. Veins have valves whereas arteries do not have valves
b. The tunica adventitia in veins is not as clearly delimited as it is in arteries
c. The walls in veins are thinner than the walls in arteries
d. The tunica media in veins consists of elastic fibers whereas arteries consist of reticular fibers
d. The tunica media in veins consists of elastic fibers whereas arteries consist of reticular fibers
- Continuous capillaries are most commonly seen in which of the following?
a. Kidney
b. Bone marrow
c. Spleen
d. Muscle
d. Muscle
- Identify the following structure:
a. Medium vein
b. Aorta
c. Vena cava
d. Muscular artery
a. Medium vein
- Identify the following structure:
a. Arteriole
b. Medium vein
c. Muscular artery
d. Elastic artery
a. Arteriole