Lecture 8 - Innate Immunity and Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogens detected by TLR 1/2 and 2/6

A

Bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi

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2
Q

Which bacteria have LPS?

A

Gram -

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3
Q

Which part of a bacterial cell wall gives resistance to many proteolytic enzymes?

A

D-isoform of amino acids

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4
Q

Where is peptidoglycan in G- bacteria?

A

Periplasmic space

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5
Q

Structure of peptidoglycan

A

1) N-acetylmuramic acid
2) N-acetylglucosamine
3) N-acetylmuramic acids linked by 4 amino acid oligopeptide chains

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6
Q

What are the oligopeptides in peptidoglycan made up of?

A

D- and L- amino acids

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7
Q

What does lysozyme degrade?

A

Polysaccharide bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in peptidoglycan

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8
Q

Typical G+ genera

A

Streptococcus, staphylococcus, bacillus

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9
Q

Thickness of peptidoglycan in G+ bacteria

A

20 - 80nm

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10
Q

Acidic polysaccharides in G+ peptidoglycan
1)
2)

A

1) Teichoic acid - Polymer of ribitol or glycerol and phosphate
2) Lipoteichoic acid - teichoic acid linked to lipids in cell wall

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11
Q

Typical Gram- genera

A

Salmonella, Escherichia

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12
Q

Typical width of periplasmic space

A

20 - 70nm

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13
Q
Composition of G- outer membrane
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Protein (EG: porins)
2) Lipoprotein
3) Phospholipid
4) Lipopolysaccharide

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14
Q

Proportion of G- outer membrane that is lipid

A

15%

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15
Q

Part of LPS that is toxic

A

Lipid A

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16
Q

Most conserved part of LPS

A

Lipid A

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17
Q

Most variable part of LPS

A

O-specific polysaccharide

18
Q

Major parts of LPS
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Lipid A
2) Core polysaccharide
3) O-specific polysaccharide

19
Q

What determines whether LPS is smooth or rough?

A

Smooth - long chain O-specific polysaccharide

Rough - short chain O-specific polysaccharide

20
Q

Result of excess lipid A in the blood

A

Raised temperature

Fever - septic shock, endotoxic shock

21
Q

Molecule used to serogroup bacteria

A

O-specific polysaccharide

22
Q

TLR activated by cell wall components

A

TLR1, 2, 4, 6

23
Q

Examples of bacteria that stain Gram negative, but are Gram positive

A

Mycobacterium, Nocardia

24
Q

Bacterium that lacks a cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

25
Q

Composition of glycocalyx in bacteria

A

Usually polysaccharide

Can be polypeptide, or both

26
Q

Capsule glycocalyx structure

A

ORganised, repeating units attached to cell surface

27
Q

Slime layer glycocalyx structure

A

Loose, water-soluble structure

28
Q
Function of capsules and slime layers
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
A

1) Prevent dessication
2) Prevent phagocytosis
3) Prevent opsonisation
4) Promote biofilm formation
5) Promote adhesion

29
Q

Which type of pathogenic bacteria often have glycocalyces?

A

Blood-borne pathogens

30
Q

How is a bioflim on the teeth formed?
1)
2)

A

1) Bacteria attach to salivary proteins on tooth surface

2) Provides anaerobic environment for bacteria to flourish

31
Q

Parts of a prokaryotic flagellum
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Filament
2) Hook
3) Basal body

32
Q

Type of bacteria with sialic acid-rich capsule

A

Neisseria meningitidis type B

33
Q

Prokaryotic movement patterns
1)
2)

A

1) Runs - Straight lines

2) Tumbles - Rapid, abrupt changes in direction

34
Q

What is H type?

A

Type of flagellum that a bacteria has

35
Q

Organisation of E. coli flagella

A

Multiple lateral flagella

36
Q

Organisation of Vibrio flagella

A

Single polar flagellum

37
Q

Organisation of T. pallidum flagella

A

Periplasmic flagella

Flagella are located in periplasmic space, ‘vibrate’ bacteria

38
Q

How conserved are flagella?

A

Very

TLR5 detects many types of flagella

39
Q

Subunit making up filament of flagella

A

Flagellin

40
Q

Structure of pili

A

1) Rod-shaped, hollow cylinder
2) Helical array of pilin protein subunits
3) Pilus tip mediates adhesion - can be pilin or another protein

41
Q

What is tissue tropism?

A

Tip of pilus determines tissue specific adhesion