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Bacteriology > Lecture 2 - Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Function of lysozyme

A

Degrade peptidoglycan

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2
Q

Which type of bacteria is lysozyme particularly effective against?

A

Gram +

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3
Q

Which type of bacteria is lysozyme less effective against?

A

Gram -

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4
Q

Auxillary cells
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Megakaryocyte
2) Basophil
3) Mast cell

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5
Q

Phagocytic cells
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Monocyte/Macrophage
2) Neutrophil
3) Dendritic cell

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6
Q

Difference between macrophages and monocytes

A

Monocytes citculate in the blood

Macrophages reside in tissues

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7
Q

What do RIG-like helicases detect?

A

dsRNA

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8
Q

What do NOD-like receptors detect?

A

Peptidoglycan

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9
Q

What does TLR4 detect?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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10
Q

What detects lipopolysaccharide?

A

TLR4

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11
Q

What detects peptidoglycan?

A

NOD-like receptor

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12
Q

What detects surface proteins?
1)
2)

A

1) TLR1/TLR2 complex

2) TLR2/TLR6 complex

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13
Q

What detects dsRNA?

A

TLR-3, RIG-like helicase

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14
Q

What does TLR-3 detect?

A

dsRNA

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15
Q

What do TLR-7 and TLR-8 detect?

A

ssRNA

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16
Q

What detects ssRNA?

A

TLR-7 and TLR-8

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17
Q

What detects CpG DNA?

A

TLR-9

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18
Q

What does TLR-9 detect?

A

CpG DNA

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19
Q

What does TLR-5 detect?

A

Flagellin

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20
Q

What detects flagellin?

A

TLR-5

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21
Q

What detects uropathogenic bacteria?

A

TLR-11

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22
Q

What does TLR-11 detect?

A

Uropathogenic bacteria

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23
Q

Where is TLR-5 expressed?

A

Basolateral surface of epithelial cells

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24
Q

Which toll-like receptors are expressed within an endosome?

A

TLR-3
TLR-7
TLR-9

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25
What is NLRP?
Nod-like receptor family with N-terminal PYD domain
26
What makes up an inflammosome complex?
Nod-like receptor, PYHIN
27
What do inflammosomes do?
Activate pro-caspase1
28
Function of NLR domain in NLRP
Sensor domain
29
Function of NACHT domain in NLRP
Oligomerisation domain. | Binds to other proteins when activated
30
Function of PYD domain in NLRP
Signal transduction | Caspase recruitment
31
Function of ASC domain in NLRP
Adaptor protein | Recruits pro-caspase 1
32
What does activated caspase 1 do?
1) Converts pro-IL-1b to IL-1b | 2) Activates IL-18
33
Function of IL-1b
Inflammatory mediator
34
Function of IL-18
With IL-12 promotes IFN-gamma production
35
Effect of NLRP4/NAIP activation
1) Pyroptosis 2) Eicosanoid production 3) Cytokine processing
36
``` What results in NLRP3 activation? 1) 2) 3) 4) ```
1) Pore-forming toxins 2) Ionophoric compounds 3) High extracellular [Ca] or [ATP] 4) E. coli or V. cholerae
37
Results of NLRP3 activation
1) Pyroptosis 2) IL-1b, IL-18 release 3) Increase macrophage phagocytosis and digestion
38
What do inflammasomes sense?
Microbes in cytoplasm | DAMPS
39
Function of PYD or CARD domain in NLRP
Recruit ASC
40
Which part of the NLRP recruits ASC?
PYD or CARD domain
41
What does complement receptor 1 on a macrophage detect?
C3b
42
What does complement receptor 3 on a macrophage detect?
iC3b
43
What detects C3b on a macrophage?
Complement receptor 1
44
What detects iC3b on a macrophage?
Complement receptor 3
45
What does a C1q receptor on a macrophage detect?
Mannose binding lectin
46
What on a macrophage detects mannose binding lectin?
C1q
47
What does a mannan receptor on a macrophage detect?
Glycoconjugates
48
What on a macrophage detects glycoconjugates?
Mannan receptor
49
Three ways to activate complement cascade
1) Classical pathway 2) Lectin pathway 3) Alternative pathway
50
``` Classical pathway 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) ```
1) Antibodies activate C1 2) C1 activates C2, C4 3) C3 convertase converts to C3 4) C3b. C3a discarded as an opsonin 5) Formation of C5 convertase C5b. C5a discarded 6) C6, C7, C8, C9 7) Formation of attack complex
51
``` Lectin pathway 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) ```
1) Collectins attached to mannan activate C2 and C4 2) c3 convertase converts to C3 3) C3b. C3a discarded as an opsonin 4) C5 convertase. C5b formed. C5a discarded 5) C6, C7, C8, C9 6) Attack complex formed
52
``` Alternative pathway 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) ```
1) Bacterial surface molecules bind C3b 2) C3 convertase 3) C3b. C3a discarded as opsonin 4) C5 convertase. C5a discarded 5) C6, C7, C8, C9 6) Attack complex formed
53
Function of C5a
1) Chemotaxis 2) Inflammation 3) B cell activation
54
``` Action of complement components 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) ```
1) Bacterial lysis (C6, C7, C8, C9) 2) Inflammation (C5a) 3) Chemotaxis (C5a) 4) Opsonisation (C3a) 5) Second signal for B cell activation (detected with CR2) (iC3b)
55
``` How does C5a contribute to inflammation? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) ```
1) Mast cells release histamine 2) Chemoattractant for neutrophils 3) Increase expression of adhesins on endothelial walls 4) Stimulates neutrophils to degranulate 5) fever
56
What does myeloperoxidase do?
Converts H2O2 to HOCl and water
57
What are chemokines?
Small, peptide cytokines | Attract cells
58
Effects of Il-4, IL-10, IL-13
reduce bacterial killing activity | Downregulate TNFalpha
59
``` Which cytokines induce neutrophil transmigration? 1) 2) 3) 4) ```
1) TNFa 2) IL-1 3) IL-8 4) IFNg
60
What do TNFa, IL-1, IL-8 and IFNg do together?
Induce neutrophil transmigration
61
What does PAF do?
Vasodilation
62
What do IL-8 and C5a do?
Chemotaxis
63
Which cytokines are responsible for chemotaxix?
IL-8, C5a
64
``` Which cytokines are responsible for inducing oxidative burst? 1) 2) 3) 4) ```
1) TNFa 2) IL-1 3) IL-8 4) PAF
65
What do TNFa, IL-1, IL-8 and PAF do together?
Induce oxidative burst
66
What does IL-6 do?
Induces liver to release acute phase proteins | --> Complement, transferrin
67
Which cytokine induces the liver to release acute phase proteins?
IL-6
68
What systemic effects do IL-1, IL-8 and TNFa have?
Chills, wasting, fever

Bacteriology (29 decks)

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