Lecture 8- Fungi Flashcards
1
Q
fungi are… decomposers
A
principle
2
Q
most fungi are… living but some are a part of the human flora
A
free
3
Q
most fungi are strict… ( a few are facultative anaerobes)
A
aerobes
4
Q
Are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
A
eukaryotes
5
Q
fungi make up their own..
A
kingdom
6
Q
similar to eukaryotes, fungi have a defined…
A
nucleus
7
Q
cell membranes of fungi consists of… (mammalian cells contain cholesterol)
A
ergosterol
8
Q
cell walls of fungi are unique, they are made of…,.., and…
this is different from the cell walls of plants and bacteria
A
chitin, mannan and glucan
9
Q
3 major categories of fungi that are medically relevant
A
yeast (unicellular)
molds (multicellular)
dimorphic fungi (exits as both mold and yeast)
10
Q
yeast are single cells and they replicate by…
A
budding
11
Q
molds are … fungi
A
filamentous
12
Q
mold can reproduce by 2 ways:
A
asexual
sexual
13
Q
when molds reproduce asexually they do it by… that form on the tips of growing hyphae
A
conidia
14
Q
when molds reproduce sexually it is through the development of ..
A
spores
15
Q
dimorphic fungi will be … at room temp and … at body temp
A
mold
yeast
16
Q
… immunity provides great protection from fungal infections
A
innate
17
Q
…. immunity if required to eliminate fungal infections
A
t-cell mediated
18
Q
… and… are primary mechanisms for containing fungal infections
A
phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils
19
Q
Some fungi are too large to be phagocytized so the phagocytic cells secrete…
A
enzymes and ROS that can digest or kill large fungi
20
Q
… cell mediated response is important for fungal infections which is why AIDS patients are particularly susceptible
A
CD4+TH1/TH17
21
Q
antibodies are a … component in protection for fungal infections
A
minor
22
Q
…. are infections caused by geographically restricted fungi (true pathogens)- cause serious systemic infections in healthy individuals
A
endemic mycoses
23
Q
… cause life-threatening systemic disease in immunosuppressed patients
A
opportunistic mycoses
24
Q
…. are fungal diseases of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and lymphatics
A
subcutaneous mycoses
25
.... are common fungal infections limited to the skin and skin structures
superficial cutaneous mycoses
26
Endemic mycoses are geographically restricted... fungi that infect healthy people. 3 types are...
dimorphic
1. histoplasmosis
2. blastobycosis
3. coccidioidomycosis
27
... is an endemic mycoses that is caused by... and is located in ... and... river valleys and it is found in ... and ... poop
```
histoplasmosis
histoplasma capsulatum
mississippi
ohio
bird
bat
```
28
... is an endemic mycoses that is caused by.... and is found in the... river valley and .. and ... central states. It is ...
```
blastomycosis
blastomyces dermatitis
mississippi
southeastern
north
soil mold
```
29
...., also called..., is caused by... and it is found in ... U.S. and is known as....
```
coccidioidomycosis
valley fever
coccidioides
southwestern
desert soils
```
30
endemic mycoses are mostly... or has... symptoms and ... is required for clearance. The... is the primary site of entry
- asymptomatic
- mild, self-limiting
- cell-mediated immunity (CD4 T-cells)
- lung
31
Histoplasmosis grows in soil with .... content fertilized by birds and in caves where bat guano is present
high nitrogen
32
histoplasmosis is a .... fungus which means its a mold in the environment- macroconidia (tuberculate) and microcondidia (infectious) and at body temp it assumes...
- dimorphic soil
| - yeast
33
Clusters of infection of histoplasmosis can be caused during the ... of an old building that disrupts the soil
demolition
34
histoplasma capsulatm transforms into... in the lungs although this process is poorly understood, it is essential for disease process
yeast
35
histoplasma capsulate is a ... system infection which means it remains viable in macrophages by modulating the phagolysomal pH
reticuloendothelial (macrophage)
36
The disease manifestation in histoplasmosis depends on number of ...inhaled and the host response (cell-mediated immune response). Most people infected have... symptoms but if a large amount is inhaled, even healthy people can get,,,
- conidia/spores
- no to mild
- severe pneumonia
37
Patients with ... are at higher risk for complications if they get histoplasmosis
COPD
38
Disseminated histoplasmosis occurs in almost everyone infected with H. capsulatum, its usually ... in healthy ppl but can be more severe in immunocompromised patients and can result in ... which is serve pneumonia or... which happens in older patients and can result in death
- asymptomatic
- acute dis. hist.
- chronic progressive dis. hist.
39
Diagnosis of histoplasmosis can be done either by .... but this can take 6 weeks or by...
- growth of organism (definitive)
| - histopathological analysis
40
treatment for mild-moderate infections of histoplasmosis is... for 3-12 months
itraconazole
41
treatment for severe histoplasmosis is... to contain then switch to itraconazole
amphotericin B
42
Blastomycosis is... which means its a fungus in the environment and yeast at body temp. The yeast has a.... cell wall and ... budding in the lungs
- dimorphic
- thick
- broad based
43
.. and... is the likely source of blastomycosis and it is mostly.... cases
soil
decaying wood
sporadic
44
Disease occurs with blastomycosis when.... and it multiplies leading to...
- inhaled into lungs
| - pneumonia
45
.... are common with blastomycosis and... -spread by blood
skin lesions
| dissemination
46
... can develop with blastomycosis and yeast remains viable and reactivate later
granulomas
47
... is required to clear blastomycosis
cell mediated immunity
48
treatment of blastomycosis is similar to..
histoplasmosis
49
Coccidioides immitis and coccidiodies posadasii are found in.... and burrows of desert animals. The proper environmental conditions allow.. to form. In endemic areas, ... % of ppl have been infected
- desert soils
- "blooms"
- 80%S
50
coccidioidomycosis is a real problem for prison population in... so there are efforts to keep dust levels down
san jaquin valley
51
Coccidioidomycosis is dimorphic but is NOT
temperature dependent
52
In coccidioidomycosis, ... (the mold form) is highly infectious and inhaled into alveoli. In tissues the mold turns into the yeast form- .... which are resistant to phagocytosis. The mold form can be phagocytose and killed.
```
arthroconidia
spherules (endosomes lyse out of this)
```
53
Healthy people usually don't have symptoms with coccidioidomycosis but when symptomatic it is called... which results in... which is self-limiting and has symptoms such as cough,fever,chills,stiff muscles, rash. This disease can become.... and ... can occur months or years later.
.... is needed to control infection
- desert rheumatism or valley fever
- disseminated
- chronic pulmonary infection
- cell mediated immunity (CD4 T-cells)
54
individuals that have an increased risk for Disseminated coccidiomycosis are
dark skinned
pregnant
immunocompromised
55
.... can be a complication of disseminated coccidiomycosis which is fatal if not treated. This requires lifelong... therapy
chronic meningitis
| anti fungal
56
antifungals have severe side effects-.... and ... can result
light sensitivity
| skin cancers
57
3 opportunistic fungal diseases
1. candidiasis-candida
2. cryptococcosis-cryptococcus
3. aspergillosis-aspergillus
58
Source of candida
normal flora-yeast
59
Source of cryptococcus
encapsulated environmental yeast
60
Source of aspergillus
common environmental mold
61
opportunistic fungal pathogens are not ... pathogens because only cause disease if host defenses are decreased
true
62
all systemic infections of candida are...
life threatening
63
3 places candida infections can occur
1. mucosal (thrush) mouth,vagina
2. cutaneous (diaper rash) under breasts
3. systemic infection (IVs) (micro abscesses in multiple organs)
64
candida reproduce by forming.... or...
| Some form... in vivo (non temperature dependent dimorphism)
buds or blastoconidia
| hyphae
65
candida is a .... exception, the.... not yeast is form found in tissues
dimorphism
| mycelial (hyphae)
66
Cryptococcosis is an.... yeast and expresses a huge... in host. It is found worldwide in ... contaminated with...
Approximately 20% of cases are immunocompetent patients
- environmental
- polysaccharide capsule
- soil
- bird excreta
67
Candida test is called... and is this shows elongated buds from yeast when exposed to...
germ tube test
| calf serum
68
mucosal infection of candida treatment
topical antifungal cream
69
systemic infection of candida ... require systemic antifungal. The most common are... and...
... is used for invasive candidiasis
always (2 week min)
Fluconazole
Echinocandin
Amphotericin B
70
In cryptococcosis, ... are inhaled into alveoli producing asymptomatic lung infection
yeast
71
In lungs, cryptococcosis yeast produces... which is major virulence factor which prevents phagocytosis by macrophages
polysaccharide capsule
72
cryptococcosis most often presents as...
meningitis
73
Treatment of cryptococcosis meningitis is by....
amphotericin B and flucytosine followed by fluconazole
74
Pulmonary infections treated by
fluconazole
75
Aspergillosis is a ... fungi, it has "..." mold, reproduces by ... reporduction. It is ... in soil
filamentous
fluffy
sexual
ubiquitous
76
Aspergillosis:
Conidia are inhaled into upper and lower respiratory tracts and germinate into....
... can kill conidia that reach alveoli but not hyphae form
... line up along hyphae and secrete RO intermediates that kill fungus
hyphae
macrophages
neutrophils
77
Asperigillous can cause (3)
invasive pulmonary asper.
sinus invasion
dissemination
78
Diagnosis os aspergillosis is best with
tissue biopsy
79
treatment for aspergillosis
voriconazole
80
... is hypopigmented or hyper- patches on chest or neck
tinea versicolor
81
... is patches with gready scales in facial hair and scalp
seborrheic dermatitis
82
... is the most common fingal infections in humans. It infects .... tissues.
Not able to grow at body temp.
Clinical disease is called.... (ringworm, athletes foot, jock itch)
dermatophyte skin infections
keratinized
tinea
83
dermatophytes are not part of..
normal flora
84
Derrmatophytes have ... that grow outward in centrifugal pattern.
... infections are rare
hyphae
| systemic
85
subcutaneous mycoses are "mycoses of..."
generally localized
widespread cutaneous and visceral infections with IC patients
implantation
86
Subcutaneous mycoses is dimorphic and is cause of...
Disseminated disease only in IC
sporotrichosis (rose pickers dz)
87
Another subcutaneous mycoses:
| ... (madura foot) is chronic ifnection of sinus tract nodules and discharge of visible grains. can infect bone or muscle
mycetoma
88
Another subcutaneous mycoses:
| .... caused by "dematiaceous fungi" or black fungus, it is scaly wart like lesions on foot and requires amputation
chromoblastomycosis
89
2 classes of fungal drugs
azoles
| polyenes
90
Azoles interfere with... and is fungistatic. the most common is...
ergosterol synthesis
| itraconazole
91
Polyenes are.... so they bind to cell wall ergoesterol and form channels, ... is common one
lipophilic
| amphotericin B
