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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Lecture 8: Digestive System > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

physically breakdown food to increase surface area

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2
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

breaks of chemical bonds of biomolecules

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3
Q

Where does food absorption occur?

A

small intestine

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4
Q

What are the 3 regions of the digestive tract?

A
  • bucal/oral avity
  • pharynx -> connects respiratory & digestive tracts (mouth to alimentary)
  • alimentary canal -> from pharynx to anus
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5
Q

What layer does the digestive tract form from?

A

endoderm

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6
Q

Where is the first site of mechanical digestion?

A

mouth

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7
Q

What is the purpose of a hard & soft palate?

A
  • separates respiration & digestive tracts
  • aids in suckling in infants
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8
Q

The tongue is formed from what group of muscles?

A

hypobranchial

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9
Q

What is the tongue attached to?

A

hyoid bone

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10
Q

What are the roles of a tongue?

A
  • speech
  • chemoreception
  • mixing of food & mucus
  • swallowing
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11
Q

What is mastication?

A

mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth

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12
Q

What are the types of teeth in the mouth?

A
  • 8 incisors -> grasp, pull, break food
  • 4 canines -> puncture, tear, shred food
  • 8 premolars (bicuspid)-> grind & crush food
  • 12 molars (tricuspid)-> grind & crush food
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13
Q

What is the crown of a tooth?

A
  • region above gum/gingiva
  • made on dentin covered by enamel
  • covers pulp (connective tissue, blood)
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14
Q

What is the root of a tooth?

A
  • continuous with pulp cavity
  • passageway for nerves & blood vessels
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15
Q

What hold the tooth in place?

A

cementum & ligaments

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16
Q

What dissolves particles for taste buds?

A

mucus/saliva

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17
Q

What type of enzymes does saliva have?

A

amylases (breaks down carbs) & lipases (breaksdown lipids)

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18
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches?

A
  • 1st arch -> middle ear cavity & auditory tubes
  • 2nd arch ->palatine tonsils
  • 3rd arch ->thymus
  • 3rd & 4th arch-> parathyroid
  • 4th & 5th arch -> parafollicular thyroid
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19
Q

What is the submucosa in the alimentary canal?

A
  • connective tissue, digetsive glands, & nerves
  • houses vessels & lymph lacteals/nodules
20
Q

What is the muscular layer of the alimentary canal?

A
  • contains circular & longitudinal muscle
  • promotes mechanical digestion through rhythmic contractions
  • drives peristalsis
21
Q

What is peristalsis?

A
  • periodic wavelike contraction of alimentary canal
  • longitudinal muscles shorten tube
  • circular muscle contrict tube
  • propels food forward through rest of system
22
Q

How can smooth muscles be stimulated?

A
  • autonomic hormones
  • influx of Ca2+ -> binds to calmodulin -> activates myosin kinase
  • self stimulate = pacemaker potential
23
Q

What is the adventitia?

A
  • outermost layer of alimentary canal
  • holds canal in place
  • can form loose glandular messentery -> serosa
24
Q

What is the esophageal sphincter?

A
  • msucular ring that allows food to pass if relaxed
  • prevents regurgitation
25
Q

What macromaolecule does the stomach digestive?

A

proteins

26
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the stomach?

A
  1. cardiac -> mucus glands to lubricate food
  2. fundus -> storage area
  3. body -> bulk of stomach; mucus glands produce bicarb rich mucus; parietal cells produce acid to denature proteins; chief cells produce pepsinogen
  4. pylorus -> keeps food trapped for some time & exits
27
Q

What is chyme?

A

when food mixes with chemicals

28
Q

What is the small intestine?

A
  • longer & narrower than large intestine
  • composed of duodenum, jejunum, & ileum
29
Q

The cells in the intestinal mucosa possess what to increase suface area?

A

villi & microvilli

30
Q

What is the pancreas?

A
  • froms from buds of liver & intestines
  • makes enzymes (lipases, nuclease, amylase, protease)
  • release bicarb to neutralize chyme
31
Q

Everything from the pancreas is secreted into the duodenum through what?

A

pancreatic duct

32
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • emulsifies fats
  • contains pigments, electrolytes, cholesterol, lipids, & salts
  • processes nutrients from digestive tract through hepatic portal vein
33
Q

Where are the contents of the liver stores?

A

in the galbladder & released when fat is consumed

34
Q

Where does absorption occur in the small intestine?

A

in jejunum & ileum

35
Q

What is the large intestine?

A
  • contains cecum that collects waste from ileum
  • connects to appendix
  • connects to colon
36
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A
  • adds mucus
  • absorpbs water, fatty acids, & vitamins
37
Q

What is the colon continuous with?

A

rectum

38
Q

What prevents feces release?

A

ext & int anal sphincter

39
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A
  • broken into disaccharides
  • results from amylases in mouth & duodenum
  • produces lactose, maltose, & sucros
40
Q

Lipids are stored as what?

A

adipose tissue -> triglycerides

41
Q

Can humans synthesize unsaturated fats?

A

NO

42
Q

Which omegas do humans require?

A

omega 6 & omega 3 for phospholipid production & to regulate inflammation

43
Q

What are the 2 forms of lipoproteins?

A
  • LDL -> low-density lipoproteins with ALOT of cholesterol; carries fat & cholesterol to tissues
  • HDL -> mostly protein; picks up excess fat & cholesterol
44
Q

What is the difference between plants & humans when it comes to amino acids?

A

humans are complete & plants are incomplete

45
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vit A (visual pigments) & Vit D (calcium absorption)

46
Q

What are water soluble vitamins?

A

Vit B (cell repsiration) & Vit C (collagen production)

47
Q

What is an exmaple of an inorganic & an organic micromolecule?

A
  • inorganic-> minerals
  • organic -> vitamins

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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