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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Lecture 7: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is needed to efficiently produce ATP?

A

O2

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2
Q

What is given off as a byproduct of cell respiration?

A

CO2

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3
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

amount of gas in a mixture

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4
Q

Movement is driven by what 2 gradients?

A

conc. & pressure

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5
Q

What is the difference in O2 levels b/w the blood, lungs, & tissues?

A
  • highest in blood
  • O2 & CO2 levels about equal when entering the lungs
  • lowest in tissues
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6
Q

What is external respiration?

A
  • occurs b/w environment & blood
  • requires movement of air/water across respiratory organ -> VENTILATION
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7
Q

What is internal respiration?

A
  • occurs b/w blood & tissues
  • requires pumping of blood through capillaries -> PERFUSION
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8
Q

What would increase gas exchange?

A
  • increase in the surface area of respiratory surface
  • thinnest respiratory surface
  • maximum movement of blood
  • right level of moisture
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9
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A
  • ext. intercostals & diaphragm contract
  • negative pressure around lungs
  • draws air in from outside
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10
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A
  • diaphragm & ext. intercostals relax/ int. intercostals may contract
  • ab organs recoil -> diaphragm pushes up
  • positive pressure around lungs
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11
Q

What muscles aid in O2 intake during exercise?

A
  • pectoralis minor -> pulls ribs upward
  • sternocleidomastoid -> elevates sternum
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12
Q

What increases the surface area in a nose?

A

conchae = folds in the walls

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13
Q

What is the function of conchae?

A
  • mucus traps debris/bacteria to prevent from going into pharynx
  • water get warm/ humidity = air
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14
Q

What is the pharynx?

A
  • connects oral & nasal cavity
  • leads to larynx
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15
Q

What is the larynx?

A
  • separates digestive & respiratory tracts
  • composed of muscles, cartilage, elastic tissue, & vocal cords
  • open to let air in/out of trachea
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16
Q

What supports the larynx?

A

hyoid bone & cartilage

17
Q

What are the functions of the false & true vocal cords?

A
  • false -> block trachea during swallowing
  • true -> vibrate to produce sounds
18
Q

What is the name of the opening b/w vocal cords?

A

glottis

19
Q

What is the trachea?

A
  • supported by 20 C shaped rings
  • has psuedostratified columnar epithelial -> mucus & cilia trap particles & move to pharynx
20
Q

What is the carina?

A
  • formed from trachea
  • forms left & right primary bronchi
21
Q

Where does the left bronchus lead to?

A

upper & lower secodnary bronchi

22
Q

Where does the right bronchus lead to?

A

upper, middle, & lower

23
Q

The bronchi eventually break into what?

A

bronchioles

24
Q

Do bronchioles have cartilage?

A

NO; made out of muscle to be able to contract

25
Q

What is the pathway of air thorughout the body?

A
  • air enters through the nostrils
  • enters nasal cavity -> conchae cleans air
  • pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> primary & secodnary bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
26
Q

What are the 3 cell types in alveoli?

A
  • type 1 -> simple squamous for gas exchange
  • type 2 -> produce surfactants to reduce surface tension
  • macrophages -> remove debris & pathogens
27
Q

Where does O2 go after the alveoli?

A

capillaries (vice-versa for CO2)

28
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

at rest/normal breathing we exhcange 500 mL of gas

29
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

amount of air moved while alive

30
Q

What binds to O2 while passing lung alveoli?

A

heme groups

31
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

when heat, CO2, & pH change to allow O2 to be released into tissues

32
Q

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase?

A
  • converts CO2 to carbonic acid to release bicarbonate into plasma & H+ to bind to hemoglobin
  • pH decreases -> O2 released
33
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

more O2 binds to hemoglobin -> CO2 bound to globins to be released

34
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A
  • attaches to each lung
  • forms parietal pleura
35
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A
  • lies b/w the pleuras & is lubricated by fluid
  • reduced friction when lungs expand & shrink

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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