Lecture 7: Respiratory System Flashcards
What is needed to efficiently produce ATP?
O2
What is given off as a byproduct of cell respiration?
CO2
What is partial pressure?
amount of gas in a mixture
Movement is driven by what 2 gradients?
conc. & pressure
What is the difference in O2 levels b/w the blood, lungs, & tissues?
- highest in blood
- O2 & CO2 levels about equal when entering the lungs
- lowest in tissues
What is external respiration?
- occurs b/w environment & blood
- requires movement of air/water across respiratory organ -> VENTILATION
What is internal respiration?
- occurs b/w blood & tissues
- requires pumping of blood through capillaries -> PERFUSION
What would increase gas exchange?
- increase in the surface area of respiratory surface
- thinnest respiratory surface
- maximum movement of blood
- right level of moisture
What happens during inhalation?
- ext. intercostals & diaphragm contract
- negative pressure around lungs
- draws air in from outside
What happens during exhalation?
- diaphragm & ext. intercostals relax/ int. intercostals may contract
- ab organs recoil -> diaphragm pushes up
- positive pressure around lungs
What muscles aid in O2 intake during exercise?
- pectoralis minor -> pulls ribs upward
- sternocleidomastoid -> elevates sternum
What increases the surface area in a nose?
conchae = folds in the walls
What is the function of conchae?
- mucus traps debris/bacteria to prevent from going into pharynx
- water get warm/ humidity = air
What is the pharynx?
- connects oral & nasal cavity
- leads to larynx
What is the larynx?
- separates digestive & respiratory tracts
- composed of muscles, cartilage, elastic tissue, & vocal cords
- open to let air in/out of trachea
What supports the larynx?
hyoid bone & cartilage
What are the functions of the false & true vocal cords?
- false -> block trachea during swallowing
- true -> vibrate to produce sounds
What is the name of the opening b/w vocal cords?
glottis
What is the trachea?
- supported by 20 C shaped rings
- has psuedostratified columnar epithelial -> mucus & cilia trap particles & move to pharynx
What is the carina?
- formed from trachea
- forms left & right primary bronchi
Where does the left bronchus lead to?
upper & lower secodnary bronchi
Where does the right bronchus lead to?
upper, middle, & lower
The bronchi eventually break into what?
bronchioles
Do bronchioles have cartilage?
NO; made out of muscle to be able to contract
What is the pathway of air thorughout the body?
- air enters through the nostrils
- enters nasal cavity -> conchae cleans air
- pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> primary & secodnary bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
What are the 3 cell types in alveoli?
- type 1 -> simple squamous for gas exchange
- type 2 -> produce surfactants to reduce surface tension
- macrophages -> remove debris & pathogens
Where does O2 go after the alveoli?
capillaries (vice-versa for CO2)
What is the tidal volume?
at rest/normal breathing we exhcange 500 mL of gas
What is vital capacity?
amount of air moved while alive
What binds to O2 while passing lung alveoli?
heme groups
What is the Bohr effect?
when heat, CO2, & pH change to allow O2 to be released into tissues
What is the role of carbonic anhydrase?
- converts CO2 to carbonic acid to release bicarbonate into plasma & H+ to bind to hemoglobin
- pH decreases -> O2 released
What is the Haldane effect?
more O2 binds to hemoglobin -> CO2 bound to globins to be released
What is the visceral pleura?
- attaches to each lung
- forms parietal pleura
What is the pleural cavity?
- lies b/w the pleuras & is lubricated by fluid
- reduced friction when lungs expand & shrink
