Lecture 8+9 - burnout, overtraining and exercise addiction

Question 1

burnout

Answer 1

High demands –> chronic stress –> burnout (1-2% prevalence)
- Emotional and physical exhaustion
- Reduced sense of accomplishment (negative self-evaluation)
- Sport devaluation (cynic attitude towards sports)

Question 2

burnout symptoms

Answer 2

• Affective: depressed, tearful
• Cognitive: powerless, hopelessness
• Physical: exhaustion, somatic complaints
• Behavioral: impaired performance, substance abuse
• Motivational: lack of interest or enthusiasm

Question 3

burnout consequences

Answer 3

• Chronic fatigue (emotional and physical exhaustion)
• Affective, cognitive, motivational consequences
• Physiological consequences (impaired immune functioning, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, relationship to chronic inflammation)

Question 4

positive correlation between burnout and…

Answer 4

• Amotivation
• Stress
• Anxiety
• Parental pressure
• Perfectionism
• Peer conflict
• Negative affect

Question 5

perfectionism

Answer 5

Personality disposition (trait) characterized by striving for flawlessness and setting exceedingly high standards of performance accompanied by tendencies for overly critical evaluation of one’s behavior
- Flett & Hewitt, 2002
- Perfectionistic striving (perfectionistic personal strivings)
- perfectionistic concerns (concerns about making mistakes)

Question 6

negative correlation between burnout and…

Answer 6

• Commitment
• Enjoyment
• Coping
• Intrinsic motivation
• Hope
• Perceived control
• Self-confidence
• Social support

Question 7

Integrated model of athlete burnout

Answer 7

• Gustafsson 2011
• burnout can be influenced by multiple external factors:
   Antecedents: stressing factors like high demands, training, bad performance, social stress, lack of recovery etc.
   Entrapment: feeling trapped in having to perform: unidimensional athlete identity, performance based self-esteem etc.
   Personality, coping and environment: perfectionism, trait anxiety, low social support, lack of coping skills etc

Question 8

SMBQ

Answer 8

Shirom melamed burnout questionnaire
- allows separation between clinical and healthy individuals

Question 9

ABQ

Answer 9

athlete burnout questionnaire
- (Raedeke, 1997;Raedeke & Smith, 2001)
- 15 items
- Three dimensions:
 Physical/emotional exhaustion
 Reduced sense of accomplishment
 Sport devaluation

Question 10

overtraining

Answer 10

Training at limits –> insufficient recovery –> overtraining

Question 11

overtraining symptoms

Answer 11

• Decreased performance
• Physiological changes
• Depressive moods
• Sleep problems
• Risk of injuries
• Changes in hormonal profiles

Question 12

no pain, no gain

Answer 12

problematic thought that can lead to system stress
- Physical injury (neuromuscular disfunction)
- Biomechanical injury (endocrine and immune dysfunction)
- Mental-emotional injury (depressive mood)

Question 13

functional overreaching

Answer 13

short-term performance decrement without lasting negative symptoms that lead to improvement in performance after recovery

Question 14

Schüler, Stähler & Wolff (u.r.)

Answer 14

-Features of high performance sport
o High levels of effort
o High levels of willpower
o Enduring pain
-Mind-over body beliefs: the beliefs that effort, willpower, and tolerance of pain are crucial parts of sports and success (the mind triumphs over the limitations imposed by the body)
o Low positive correlations with self-control and self-efficacy
o Positive correlations with training volume (low) and exercise addiction (moderate)
o The groups can distinguish the groups (sport level)

Question 15

exercise addiction

Answer 15

a craving for leisure-time pa, resulting in uncontrollable excessive exercise behavior that manifest in physiological and/or psychological symptoms

Question 16

exercise addiction consequenses

Answer 16

• Depressive state
• Impossibility not to exercise
• Continuous mental occupation with exercise
• Neglect of social contacts
• Engaging in exercise despite negative health consequences or against medical advise

Question 17

Bakeland 1970

Answer 17

research on exercise deprivation on sleep
o Habitual runners (5/6 days/week) wouldn’t stop their routine
o Regular runners (4/5 days/week) reported withdrawal symptoms (reduced emotional well-being, increased anxiety, nocturnal awakening)

Question 18

Hausenblas and Downs 2000

Answer 18

meta-anlysis of deprivation studies
o Adverse effect of deprivation on psychological well-being (withdrawal symptoms)

Question 19

Magee 2016

Answer 19

exercise dependence in ironman participants
- LPA: latent profile analysis  identification of distinct profiles
- Is there a co-occurrence between exercise addiction and eating disorders?
- Do exercise-behavior and psychological distress differ between profiles?
- 5 profiles distinguished (asymptomatic, time committed, low psychological dependence, symptomatic, at risk)
- At risk group shows highest levels of psychological distress and problems with eating patterns
- Results suggests that low behavioral control or low self-efficacy are moderators

Question 20

exercise addiction is associated with…

Answer 20

• Perfectionism
• Dissatisfaction of body-image
• Competitive orientation
• Bad self-esteem
• No relationship between exercise addiction and dysfunctional personality

Question 21

causes of exercise addiction

Answer 21

• Bio-medical perspective: beta endorphins are responsible for mood changes
• Psychological perspective: learning mechanisms
  o Positive effects of exercise function as a reward that enhances the probability of doing it again
  o Negative effects of not exercising function as a punishment