Lecture 8+9 - burnout, overtraining and exercise addiction Flashcards
burnout
High demands –> chronic stress –> burnout (1-2% prevalence)
- Emotional and physical exhaustion
- Reduced sense of accomplishment (negative self-evaluation)
- Sport devaluation (cynic attitude towards sports)
burnout symptoms
- Affective: depressed, tearful
- Cognitive: powerless, hopelessness
- Physical: exhaustion, somatic complaints
- Behavioral: impaired performance, substance abuse
- Motivational: lack of interest or enthusiasm
burnout consequences
- Chronic fatigue (emotional and physical exhaustion)
- Affective, cognitive, motivational consequences
- Physiological consequences (impaired immune functioning, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, relationship to chronic inflammation)
positive correlation between burnout and…
- Amotivation
- Stress
- Anxiety
- Parental pressure
- Perfectionism
- Peer conflict
- Negative affect
perfectionism
Personality disposition (trait) characterized by striving for flawlessness and setting exceedingly high standards of performance accompanied by tendencies for overly critical evaluation of one’s behavior
- Flett & Hewitt, 2002
- Perfectionistic striving (perfectionistic personal strivings)
- perfectionistic concerns (concerns about making mistakes)
negative correlation between burnout and…
- Commitment
- Enjoyment
- Coping
- Intrinsic motivation
- Hope
- Perceived control
- Self-confidence
- Social support
Integrated model of athlete burnout
- Gustafsson 2011
- burnout can be influenced by multiple external factors:
Antecedents: stressing factors like high demands, training, bad performance, social stress, lack of recovery etc.
Entrapment: feeling trapped in having to perform: unidimensional athlete identity, performance based self-esteem etc.
Personality, coping and environment: perfectionism, trait anxiety, low social support, lack of coping skills etc
SMBQ
Shirom melamed burnout questionnaire
- allows separation between clinical and healthy individuals
ABQ
athlete burnout questionnaire
- (Raedeke, 1997;Raedeke & Smith, 2001)
- 15 items
- Three dimensions:
Physical/emotional exhaustion
Reduced sense of accomplishment
Sport devaluation
overtraining
Training at limits –> insufficient recovery –> overtraining
overtraining symptoms
- Decreased performance
- Physiological changes
- Depressive moods
- Sleep problems
- Risk of injuries
- Changes in hormonal profiles
no pain, no gain
problematic thought that can lead to system stress
- Physical injury (neuromuscular disfunction)
- Biomechanical injury (endocrine and immune dysfunction)
- Mental-emotional injury (depressive mood)
functional overreaching
short-term performance decrement without lasting negative symptoms that lead to improvement in performance after recovery
Schüler, Stähler & Wolff (u.r.)
-Features of high performance sport
o High levels of effort
o High levels of willpower
o Enduring pain
-Mind-over body beliefs: the beliefs that effort, willpower, and tolerance of pain are crucial parts of sports and success (the mind triumphs over the limitations imposed by the body)
o Low positive correlations with self-control and self-efficacy
o Positive correlations with training volume (low) and exercise addiction (moderate)
o The groups can distinguish the groups (sport level)
exercise addiction
a craving for leisure-time pa, resulting in uncontrollable excessive exercise behavior that manifest in physiological and/or psychological symptoms
exercise addiction consequenses
- Depressive state
- Impossibility not to exercise
- Continuous mental occupation with exercise
- Neglect of social contacts
- Engaging in exercise despite negative health consequences or against medical advise
Bakeland 1970
research on exercise deprivation on sleep
o Habitual runners (5/6 days/week) wouldn’t stop their routine
o Regular runners (4/5 days/week) reported withdrawal symptoms (reduced emotional well-being, increased anxiety, nocturnal awakening)
Hausenblas and Downs 2000
meta-anlysis of deprivation studies
o Adverse effect of deprivation on psychological well-being (withdrawal symptoms)
Magee 2016
exercise dependence in ironman participants
- LPA: latent profile analysis identification of distinct profiles
- Is there a co-occurrence between exercise addiction and eating disorders?
- Do exercise-behavior and psychological distress differ between profiles?
- 5 profiles distinguished (asymptomatic, time committed, low psychological dependence, symptomatic, at risk)
- At risk group shows highest levels of psychological distress and problems with eating patterns
- Results suggests that low behavioral control or low self-efficacy are moderators
exercise addiction is associated with…
- Perfectionism
- Dissatisfaction of body-image
- Competitive orientation
- Bad self-esteem
- No relationship between exercise addiction and dysfunctional personality
causes of exercise addiction
- Bio-medical perspective: beta endorphins are responsible for mood changes
- Psychological perspective: learning mechanisms
o Positive effects of exercise function as a reward that enhances the probability of doing it again
o Negative effects of not exercising function as a punishment
