Lecture 5 - Intrinsic motivation Flashcards
intrinsic motivation
because of the interest and enjoyment in the task itself
extrinsic motivation
because of the outcome that will result by doing the task
flow theory
- csikszentmihalyi, 1975
- Flow: a state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter. The experience during the activity is so joyful and engaging that people want to do it for its own sake (prototype of intrinsic motivation)
- Absorption by and in activity (being deeply involved)
- Merging of action and awareness (freedom from self-reflection)
- High sense of control
- Distorted perception of time - optimal state of:
- motivation
- experience
- performance
FT motivation
o Complete focus on the task prevents competing alternative actions
o Flow predicts behavioral persistence key to positive health consequences
FT experience
o Flow –> positive quality of experience that acts as a reward –> more likely to perform the activity again –> activity becomes intrinsically motivating
o Feeling of absolute personal control: freedom from anxiety, enjoyment of feeling of fully mastering the activity.
FT performance
o Flow –> best performance, seemingly without effort
o Peak performance state/ zone of optimal functioning
conditions of flow
- challenge-skill-balance: more likely in skills and task at high level
- clear/specific goal:
- feedback: direct and informational
effects of flow
- Higher intentions to be physically active
- Higher performance
- Better self-concept
- Positive development
- Better talent development in adolescents
promoters of flow
- Novelty of task
- Absence of disturbance
- Appropriate focus
- Effective preparation and readiness
- Optimal motivation and arousal
- Positive thoughts and emotions
- Confidence
- Positive feedback/ positive team play and interaction
- Having a good start
inhibitors of flow
- (Time) pressure
- Demanding, unpleasant atmosphere
Self-determination theory
- cognitive evaluation theory
- organismic integration theory
- basic psychological need theory
cognitive evaluation theory
people are intrinsically motivated by nature
- Cognitive evaluation determines intrinsic motivation: does the cause of one’s behavior lie inside or outside oneself?
- External events affect intrinsic motivation
CET external events
- informational event: how well is one doing a task (increase in intrinsic motivation)
- controlling event: rewards or praise (decrease in intrinsic motivation)
- amotivating events: negative feedback (decrease)
- undermining effect: intrinsic motivation can be undermined if people receive a reward for an action, that initially was performed for its own sake. The reward becomes the reason for engagement. People feel pressures by the social environment (directed by money) and respond sensitive to this restriction of autonomy.
- reward = controlling –> decrease
- reward = informational –> increase
organismic integration theory
majority of behavior in adult life is not inherently interesting (responsibilities and duties). The majority of behavior requires extrinsic motivation
- nonselfdetermined –> selfdetermined
- amotivation –> extrinsic –> intrinsic
- nonregulation –> external –> introjected –> identified –> integrated –> intrinsic
internalization
OIT
natural tendency to transform social norms into personal values (controlled autonomous)
