Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 224 LESS GET IT > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the dia derived from? innervated by what? how is it shaped?

A

•Derived from hypaxial musculature of cervical
segments.
•So motor innervation is from cervical
segmental nerves: right and left phrenic nerves
(C3,4,5).
•Diaphragm is a muscular dome-shaped
structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the connective tissue structures of the diaphragm?

A 
Three TYPES of
ligaments, (five total).
Called ARCUATE
LIGAMENTS.
(1) Median ligament.
(2) (Right and Left)
Medial Ligaments
(2) (Right and Left)
Lateral Ligaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the muscular structures of the diaphragm

A 
right and left
crura- muscular
columns that
help attach
diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe all the parts of the respiratory tree?

-branches of it all?

A

Trachea - 2 Primary Bronchi (right and left)
Each Primary Bronchus - to many Secondary Bronchi
Each Secondary Bronchus - to many Tertiary Bronchi
Tertiary bronchi - to many Bronchioles
Bronchioles - to “Alveoli”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

is the lung highly vascularlized?

A

ya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

vessels derived from

arteries in lungs?

A

mesoderm, veins more variable in pattern.

arteries tend to run ventral to branches of
bronchial tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where do bronchi and vessels disappear into tissue

of lung

A

root of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why pleura in the lungs? hint describe chaffing/ where does it expand to?

A

Lung does not expand up into cupola.
Expands downward toward pleural recess (the
inferior space between ribs and diaphragm.
Pleura secretes coelomic fluid (for lubrication and to
pull lungs when body wall moves).
“Pleurisy” is the painful chaffing between visceral
and parietal pleura.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the mediastinum?

What is in the mediastinum?

A 
The “MEDIASTINUM” is
the partition between the
right and left pleura and the
enclosed lungs. 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why smooth muscle in the lung? \

nervous supply? constiction by what?

A 
Smooth muscle can constrict or open
respiratory tree.
CONSTICTION: Parasympathetic nervous
control is by VAGUS NERVE (X).
Ganglia between pre- and post-ganglionic
neurons right on target organ.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

opening of lungs by what?

A

Sympathetic fibers.
• Pre- and postganglionic sympathetic fibers
synapse in thoracic region of sympathetic trunk.
• Then, they go up into the neck (cervical
sympathetic trunk) and back down to lungs.
• WHY?
BECAUSE! Remember: Lungs started out in the neck, and
then moved down. The nerves were simply following!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do we thoracic breathe? explain the process?

A

Based on RIB MOVEMENTS:
• Scalene muscles pull cranially (up) on 1st and 2nd
ribs.
• Ribs move like bucket handles.
• Each successive rib pulls on the next via
intercostal muscles.
• When ribs/bucket handles move up and out,
VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY
INCREASES.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Each successive rib pulls on the next via

A

intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

So what happens when volume

increases? in the lungs

A

pressure decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

scalene muscles- innervated by what? located where?

A

(Scalenes are segmentally innervated: C2-7.)

cranially (up) on 1st and 2nd ribs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When PRESSURE DECREASES…

A 
Air gets SUCKED IN.
All amniotes do this. In other
words, amniotes (including
humans as mammals)...
…SUCK.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do we abdomen breathe? use what

A

dia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ABDOMINAL BREATHING? explain contration? does what to do with thoracic

A

Diaphragm is “dome-shaped.”
• When it contracts, the dome flattens out.
• This INCREASES THORACIC VOLUME.

19
Q

abd. So, when diaphragm contracts,

So what happens when volume
increases?

A

VOLUME OF THORACIC
CAVITY INCREASES.

PRESSURE DECREASES

20
Q

abd. WhenPRESSURE

DECREASES…

A

Air gets SUCKED IN.
Only mammals (including
humans) have a diaphragm.
So, humans SUCK really well.

21
Q

FORCED BREATHING describe/ process of inhalation?

Forced exhalation?

A

Inhalation can be increased by increasing
the amplitude of the movements we just
discussed.
• Forced Exhalation – facilitated by all the
muscles of the ribcage, pressurizing coelom,
and contracting limb muscles around the
axial body wall.

22
Q

what is forced exhalation?

A

Muscles of the ribcage (bucket handles move
down).
Pressurizing coelom (pushes diaphragm back
up into dome-shape)** – decreases thoracic
volume to push air out.
Contracting limb muscles around the axial body
wall can help compress thoracic cavity

23
Q 
Pressurizing coelom (pushes diaphragm back up
into dome-shape)** then decreases?
A

decreases thoracic volume

to push air out

24
Q

In other words, mammals (including humans)

also

A

blow

25
Q

humans ____ and _____

A

suck and blow

26
Q

how much is in normal breathing volume

A

about half a liter per breath

27
Q

normal breathing is called what

A

tidal volume

28
Q

equation for inspiratory

capacity

A

Inspiratory reserve +
tidal volume

slide 43

29
Q

innervations of the respiratory system? dia, scalenes?

A

Diaphragm: PHRENIC NERVES (right and
left)
• Scalenes: C2-7

30
Q

breathing is a ________________________________.

A

Breathing is “involuntary behavior powered

by voluntary muscles.”

31
Q

what is the placement of the phrenic nerve? where they at tho

A

Phrenic nerves pierce diaphragm near apex; send branches across inferior (abdominal) surface of diaphragm.

32
Q

describe the chemicalness in breathing-what needs to happen

A

CO2 in blood dissociates into CARBONIC ACID.
• More carbonic acid means lower pH.
• CAROTID BODIES (at junction of internal and
external carotid): Sense pH and communicate with
medulla.
• AORTIC BODY (on arch of aorta): Sense pH and
communicate with medulla.

33
Q

CAROTID BODIES

A

(at junction of internal and
external carotid): Sense pH and communicate with
medulla.

34
Q

AORTIC BODY (on arch of aorta):

A

Sense pH and

communicate with medulla.

35
Q

some facts about the RHYMICITY CENTERS OF
MEDULLA OBLONGATA what happens to CO2.. what happens with the carotid/arotic body? increases activity of what? increased co2-increase activity of apneustic area

A 
Increased CO2 (in form of carbonic acid) or
increased blood pressure signals from
carotid and aortic bodies.
• Carotid bodies and arotic body tell
medullary rhymicity centers.
• Medullary rhymicity centers can then
increase activity of apneustic area (deeper
breathing.)
36
Q

some facts about the RHYMICITY CENTERS OF

MEDULLA OBLONGATA what is it called when CO2 is decreased? decreased co2-increase activity of pneumotaxic area

A

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS (higher pH)
Medullary rhymicity centers can then
increase activity of pneumotaxic area
(shallower breathing.)

37
Q

what are alveoli? describe?

A

Terminal “Grape-like Lobes of Respiratory Tree.
Microscopic airsacs, thin enough for gas to pass
across.

Note! Only at this microscopic level is lung “hollow.”

38
Q

Each alveolus is surrounded by _________

A

capillary plexus
(deoxygenated blood from pulmonary artery,
oxygenated blood returned via pulmonary vein).

39
Q

how does gas exchange work, what structures does it involve? what does it mean?

A

Alveolar and capillary membranes: extremely thin.
(Capillaries only one red blood cell wide.)

Thus, hemoglobin in RBCs maximally exposed to
fresh oxygen.

Carbon dioxide dumped.

40
Q

oxygen BINDS TO _____ in

regions of ____ oxygen concentration.

A

hemoglobin
high

Carbon dioxide dumped.

41
Q

what is the job of a surfcant? reduces and prevents what?

A

Specialized cells of alveolar lining secrete thse
chemicals.
They reduce “surface tension” – prevents fluid
from beading up on alveolar surface.
Prevents collapse of alveoli due to concentrated
fluid weight.
Thinner layer of fluid makes gas diffusion easier

42
Q

more defenses- Alveoli contain lots of phagocytic cells called

A

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES.
•Ingest and destroy microorganisms and other
foreign substances (from breathing them in…)

43
Q

other types of defenses of lung

A

Cilia can transport small bits of foreign material and
mucous back up.
Coughing
Foreign material can be carried into lymphatic
system.

44
Q

Smooth Muscle and Nervous Supply:

A

Bronchial segments include smooth muscle—can expand or
constrict tree.
PARASYMPATHETIC:
•Vagus Nerve – signals cause smooth muscle to contract and
constrict bronchioles.
•Ganglia between pre- and postganglionic neurons right on
target organ (on bronchioles themselves).
SYMPATHETIC:
•Pre- and post-ganglionic neurons synapse in thoracic part of
sympathetic chain.
•Go up to cervical region, then go back down sympathetic chain
to lungs.
•Why? Because lungs started out in neck.
•Cause dilation of bronchi.

BIO 224 LESS GET IT (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions