Lecture 7 Flashcards
Similarities between the lymph. system and the cardiovascular system
Derived from mesoderm
Transport System
Carries WBC, plasma
Both have valves veins and lymph vessels for return
Differences between the lymp system and the cardiovasc. system
cardio- pump
lymph- no pump
cardio- arteries
lymph-no equivalent
cardio-Veins for return
lymph-Lymph vessels for return
cardio-carries RBC
lymph- does not
what are the major functions of the lymphatic system?
- Collec9on of excess water and proteins from
inters99al fluid. - Fat transport (9ssue near small intes9ne into
bloodstream). - Short term immune responses (microorganisms
and other substances). - Development of long term immunity.
What’s the purpose of a lymphatic system?
Water, small proteins, white blood cells can escape cardiovascular system.
Must have way to return them to cardiovascular system, or there will be fluid buildup outside in tissues.
What does lymph mean
it basically means that it contains no red blood cells
it is latin for “clear water”
somewhat similar to blood no RBC
some proteins are too
large to escape the cardiovascular system
contains millions of white blood cells,
particularly common are lymphocytes and
monocytes.
what are monocytes? are they highly mobile
white blood cells capable
of attacking foreign microorganisms or
tissues.
ya mobile af
what are monocytes when they attack microorganisms
individually?
“macrophages.”
what is it called when macrophages attack tissues in a coordinated
fashion?
“tissue macrophages” or
“histocytes.”
what are lymphocytes?
geared toward
individual recognition of specific microorganisms or foreign substances
what are the two types of lymphocytes?
B-lymphocytes – produce specific anitbodies
.
T-lymphocytes – attack specific foreign cells.
what are lymph vessels? similar to what? do not form a what? explain. how are they concentrated?
smallest are similar to capillaries in
construction.
do not form a circuit like cardiovascular
structures. Lymph capillaries have a
“terminal end.”
densely concentrated near surface of
body and other places where body
interfaces with external environment.
what are lacteals? it is one of the ways fat..?
pecialized lymph capillaries associated
with absorptive surfaces of small intestine.
one of the ways fat is incorporated in body
fluids
what does lacteals absorb?
Absorb fat from small intestine for distribution throughout the body.
what do the fat droplets go?
(All the fat droplets make the lymph appear
“milky,” thus the name lacteal.)
how does a lymph circulate?
Contraction of smooth muscle in larger vessels.
Squeezing action of skeletal muscles.
Dumps into venous system; the connection “pulls” the lymph along.
How does the thoracic duct begin?
Begins as a loosely dilated sac and connections in
the abdomen called the
CYSTERNA CHYLI.
what does the thoracic duct drain?
Drains both legs, and left side of body.
where does the thoracic duct recieve tributes from?
LEFT SUBCLAVIAN TRUNK (from left arm) and LEFT JUGULAR TRUNK (left side of head and neck)
the thoracic duct dumps into?
Dumps into venous circulation at junction between left
subclavian
vein and left jugular vein. (Technically into
left brachiocephalic vein.)
right lymphatic duct details
- drained by?
- dumps into what?
Upper right quadrant is drained by right
lymphatic duct.
It dumps into venous circulation at junction between right subclavian vein
and right jugular vein. (Technically into
right brachiocephalic vein.)
what are more examples of lymphatic system?
Lymph Nodes • Tonsils • Spleen • Thymus Gland • Pyer’s Patches
what exactly are lymph nodes?
where are they scattered near by?
how long are they?
where are they mainly located?
concentrated masses of lymph tissue
Scattered along lymph vessels
Usually 1-25 mm in length, but they can be larger.
Greatest concentration near groin, axilla, neck, thorax, and along gut tube in abdomen. In women, near mammary glands.
what resides in the outer (“cortex”) region of a lymph node? what’s the reason?
Macrophages and lymphocytes. Thus, the nodes can act as filters.
what brings the lymph in?
•Afferent (entering) vessels
Lymph is filtered
through cortex.
what is the inner collecting of lymph nodes
“Medulla” is the inner collecting area.
where do the efferent (exiting) vessel leaves at
hilus
define tonsils- only produce lymphocytes for?
Sort of like large, glorified lymph nodes, but…)
They don’t act as filters.
Only produce lymphocytes for export.
name all the tonsils- they are _____ structures at the mouth?
Phayrngeal tonsils, palatine tonsils, and lingual
tonsils are defensive structures at the mouth,
entrance to digestive and respiratory systems.
the spleen is not part of the
gut
describe everything you know about the spleen
largest lymphoid organ of body. highly vascularized (perfect for a filter). not strictly a lymph filter, but its interaction with blood can stimulate production and action of materials normally foundin lymph.
where does blood pass in the spleen?
BLOOD passes resident macrophages and
lymphocytes
what is abundant in the spleen?
macrophages abundant: help to scavenge spent red blood cells and recycle hemoglobin.
what do you know about the spleen and the antibody process?
antigens (nasty stuff) in blood active lymphocytes in spleen
for antibody production.
what does the spleen do for a fetus? how about the adult in what circumstances?
produces red blood cells in fetus, can be called back into
action in adults under stressful conditions.
describe location of thymus gland / has an outer ______.
ventral to heart and laryngeal structures.
has outer cortex (containing many
lymphocytes) and inner medulla.
describe the fetus thymus?
transforms undifferentiated lymphocytes from bone marrow into Tlymphocytes
*so much bigger in one year old- why??
what are pyer’s patches? clusters of what? common where? secrete what?
(also known as aggregated lymph nodes.)
clusters of lymphoid tissue without a fibrous
capsule
common in tonsils, small intestine, and
appendix.
secrete antibodies in response to antigens in
gut tube, particularly ingested viruses and
bacteria.
explain the details of the early development of the trachea? it begins as a what? fork? (spoon) lol jk
trachea is a tubular outgrowth of the embryonic gut. begins as a bud in pharynx floor. each fork is called a primary bronchus.
what are the germ layer derivations of the resp. system? (hint pharynx and cartilage of bronchi specifically?)
As outgrowths of pharynx, lung lining is derived from endoderm. Cartilagenous support of bronchi is derived from visceral arch skeleton. Therefore, from NEURAL CREST.
explain the development of the respiratory system? what germ layer is involved?
Coelom wraps around lungs (as if the lungs
were pushing into a mesodermally constructed
balloon).
factors of the upper respiratory system
Nose Frontal Nasal Vomer Ethmoid Maxilla
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
lower respiratory system identifiyerz
Larynx
Trachea
Smooth muscle
Tracheal rings
Cilia
Bronchi Left and right primary bronchi -Bronchi Further subdivided into secondary bronchi -Further subdivided into tertiary bronchi Bronchi Further subdivisions result in the bronchial tree
explain lung structure?
Root of Lung Note! Because heart is displaced to left, left lung smaller (only two lobes). Right lung has three lobes. (Smaller sections are called: BRONCIOPULMONARY SEGMENTS)
pleural cavity of the lungs explain?
Subdivisions (2, right and left) of the coelom.
Peritoneal material is here called “pleura.”
what is the pleura on the lungs called?
Visceral Pleura
parietal pleua is located where?
on inside of body wall and diaphragm. •Costal •Diaphragmatic •Mediastinal •Cupola •Costodiaphragmatic Recess
