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BIO 224 LESS GET IT > Lecture 03-04 > Flashcards

Lecture 03-04 Flashcards

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1
Q

Six classes of nutrients:

A 
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
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2
Q

Nutrients three jobs?

A
  1. Provide energy
  2. Form new body components
  3. Assist in various physiological functions/processes
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3
Q

Metabolism:

A

all chemical reactions that occur in the body

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4
Q

Anabolism:

A

combining smaller molecules into larger ones.

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5
Q

Catabolism:

A

breaking large molecules into smaller ones with release of energy.

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6
Q

Enzymes:

A

proteins that act as catalyss to sdpeed up chemical reactions.

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7
Q

Sugars, primary one used by body is

A

glucose

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8
Q

polysaccarides)

A

Stored in body as long chains called glycogen in liver and muscle cells.

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9
Q

Monosaccarides (short)

A

Monosaccarides (short) – from fruits and sugar cane.

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10
Q

Polysaccarides

A

from grains and vegetables

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11
Q

LIPIDS

A

many hydrogen bonds, so lots of stored energy

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12
Q

Triglycerides

A

storage

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13
Q

Phospholipids

A

cell membranes, myelin sheaths

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14
Q

Steroids

A

(e.g. cholesterol) – modified to become hormones and bile secretions (from liver). Excess stored in adipose tissue.

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15
Q

PROTEINS

A

Many functions: structural, transport, cell movement, enzymes, specialized functions such as hemoglobin)
Made up of amino acids (20 types)
During digestion, broken down to individual amino acids
Can be later rebuilt.
Liver can convert excess amino acids to triglycerides.
Large excess of amino acids lost in urine.

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16
Q

MINERALS

A

Inorganic nutrients required in small amounts

About 4% of total body weight (mostly in skeleton).
Macrominerals (needed at levels of over 100 milligrams a day): Calcium, Phosphorus, Sulfer, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine, Magnesium
Microminerals (needed in only trace amounts): Iron,l Iodine, Copper, Zinc, Floourine, Manganese, Cobalt, Chromium, Selenium

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17
Q

VITAMINS

A 
Do not provide energy or building materials, but act as co-enzymes (necessary for enzyme functions)
Fat Soluble  (absorbed with lipids in small intestine; can be stored in cells):  A, D, E, K
Water Soluble (absorbed with water in large intestine; excess excreted in urine, not stored): B, C, Pantothenic acid, Folic acid, Biotin
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18
Q

Fat Soluble

A

(absorbed with lipids in small intestine; can be stored in cells): A, D, E, K

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19
Q

Water Soluble

A

absorbed with water in large intestine; excess excreted in urine, not stored): B, C, Pantothenic acid, Folic acid, Biotin

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20
Q

METABOLISM

A

sum role of all cellular activities that maintain the body.

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21
Q

DIGESTION:

A

mechanical and chemical processes involved in breaking larger food particles down into smaller ones.

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22
Q

ABSORPTION:

A

process by which these (resulting) molecules pass from the gut tube to the bloodstream and lymphatic circulation.

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23
Q

MOUTH, Mechanical Digestion:

A

chewing (teeth), manipulation of food by muscles of mastication (V3), buccinator (VII), and tongue (XII)

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24
Q

MOUTH,Chemical Digestion:

A

salivary amaylase (initial carbohydrate breakdown) – starch breakdown

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25
Q

MOUTH, Absorption:

A

little or none (except for alcohol!)

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26
Q

DETAIL ON TEETH:

In maxilla or dentary:

A

Incisors (4): tearing and nipping.

Canines (2): slashing, tearing, shearing, biting.

Premolars (4): larger, complexly surfaced, for chewing and grinding.

Molars (6): even larger grinding teeth.

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27
Q

ESOPHAGUS:

A

Lined by striated muscle (not smooth). Important for passage of food, but…

No chemical or mechanical digestion.

First part of body in which PERISTALSIS takes place.

Empties into stomach at CARDIAC SPHINCTER.

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28
Q

PERISTALSIS

A

wave of muscular action that propels bolus of food down gut tube

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29
Q

STOMACH three main functions

A
  1. Storage
  2. Preparation of food before it moves to small intestine
  3. Testing area in case of “poisonous ingestion”.
  4. Not an absorptive structure
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30
Q

Stomach: Mechanical Digestion

A

Inner surfaace derived from endoderm. Three layers of smooth muscle (derived from mesoderm) to churn/mix food. Breaks food down and mixes with gastric secretions.

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31
Q

Rugae

A

folds on internal surface of stomach

  1. Increase surface area
  2. Allow distention.
  3. When not completely distended, allows food to be pushed up against ridges for further mechanical digestion.
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32
Q

Stomach-Movements – associated with parasympathetic autonomics

A

Vagus nerve (X)!

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33
Q

what are blood vessels

A

tubular structures, with particular named layers from innermost to outermost

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34
Q

layers of blood vessels innermost-outer

A

Tunica Intima, Tunica Media,Tunica Adventitia (or Tunica Externa)

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35
Q

lymphatic system

A

is circulatory system but does not have a pump and its a blind ended system- it starts at one end and dumps in another but doesnt go into a circut- it dumps into a cardiovascular system

does not carry blood that is red in color

It transports white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes into the bones

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36
Q

both the lympathic system and the circulatory system is dervived from?

A

mesoderm

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37
Q

pin in blood vessel where is it dervived from

A

mesoderm

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38
Q

blood carried with cardiovascular system usually grouped with what?

A

connective tissue

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39
Q

Blood derived from cells in bone marrow what does this mean?

A

ultimately) from mesoderm

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40
Q

what does the cardiovascular system include?

A

includes pump (heart) and associated vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

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41
Q

what are three main functions of blood?

A

transport, protection, regulation

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42
Q

describe transport importance in blood most imp

A

send oxygen to tissues, remove CO 2 from tissues that generate it, takes other kinds of cellular waste either chemicals or solids, moves important chemical stuff around ,nutrients, hormones, enzymes

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43
Q

describe protection importance in blood

A

immune response (white blood cells), blood clotting. help plug holes-clotting most of blood is water

44
Q

describe regulation importance in blood

A

water balance, chemical levels, pH, body temperature.regulate a lot- deals with metabolism- because blood is mainly water it is a huge thermal buffer- water keeps us from over heating or being too cold

45
Q

three main components of blood

A

RED BLOOD CELLS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
PLASMA (about 55%)

46
Q

what is plasma made up of.. percents?

A

About 90% of plasma is simple water, remaining 10%

47
Q

gastrin

A

is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. tells vagus nerve parasympathtic food is coming

48
Q

The Gastric Canal is the internal region of the stomach that is the most direct path between cardiac and pyloric sphincters –

A

where rugae are simple and longitudinal.This direct path allows passage of water even when rest of stomach is relatively full

49
Q

Stomach: Gastric Secretions

A

Remember, inner lining derived from endoderm.

Primary gastric secretion: HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl) from Parietal Cells.

50
Q

stomach secretion Mucous function?

A

– lubricates food, protects stomach lining from HCl.

51
Q

stomach secretion function?Zymogenic Cells

A

(Chief Cells) – PEPSINOGEN. HCl cleaves pepsinogen into PEPSIN, which chemically digests proteins.

52
Q

stomach secretion function?Entroendocrine Cells

A

secrete hormones that regulate stomach functions such as peristalsis, other secretions, etc.

53
Q

stomach secretion function?Gastrin

A

astimulates secretion of HCl.

Gastrin secretion controlled by Vagus nerve. Can be stimulated by smell, taste, chewing, swallowing.

54
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:
absorbs what?
completes what?
includes what?

A

Most of the absorption of nutrients and water.
Complete/finish chemical digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
Duodenum(first kink of the small intestine) , Jejunum, Ileum

55
Q

explain the dudonenum and flow of food?

A

Glands dumping into duodenum via common bile duct

  1. Liver makes bile salts for digestions via bile duct.
  2. Products stored in gall bladder via cystic duct.
  3. Pancreas (usually directly into duodenum via pancreatic duct).
56
Q

(FOREGUT) PANCREAS describe it? know where it is? endocrine and/or exocrine organ?

A 
Both endocrine and exocrine organ.
pancreatic duct in small intestine 
secretes hormones(endo) and digestive into a tube (exo)
57
Q

Exocrine Secretion Vagal stimulation promotes secretion of three pancreatic enzymes?

A

1Pancreatic Lipase – splits large fats into smaller
2.Pancreatic amylase – breaks down polysaccarides into monosaccarides and disaccarides.
3Pancreatic Protyolytic Enzymes – inactive forms of the following secreted into duodenum:
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

Enterokinase activates the trypsin. Trypsin activates the others

58
Q

(FOREGUT) LIVER:

job?

A

1Bile Secretion – bile is extremely alkaline.
2Neutralizes acidic material passed from stomach to duodenum
3Aids in fat breakdown

Detoxification
Glycogen storage.

59
Q

(FOREGUT) GALL BLADDER:

job?

A

1Although bile generated by the liver constantly it isn’t needed at all times – only when food passes.
2Gall bladder acts as storage awaiting food passage.
3Passes bile to common bile duct via cystic duct.

60
Q

Morphology Review:
of the JEJUNUM AND ILEUM

sympathetics tell parasympathtics

A

1.Jejunum – about 2.5 meters ( 8 feet)
I2.leum – about 3.5 meters (11-12 feet)
3Great length increases absorptive surface area, and passage through it increases time for absorption.

61
Q

Plicae Circulares define?.

A

– internal folds of small intestine.

62
Q

Villi??

A

tall, pillar-like bumps arise from internal surface to increase surface area. Inside each one: arterial branch, venous branch, nerve, lacteal.

63
Q

suffix ase means?

A

break down

64
Q

Intestinal glands

A

clefts between villi (old name = “Crypts of Lieberkhun”).

65
Q

MIDGUT: JEJUNUM AND ILEUM

Remaining Mechanical Digestion:

A

Peristaltic Contractions – propel mushed-up foodstuff

fats hard to break down then carbs and proteins

66
Q

Segmenting Contractions in the jejunum and ileum

A

– circularly arranged bands of smooth muscle can constrict small intestine to point of occlusion. Functions to break up chyme, keeping it loose and mushy.

67
Q

EMULSIFICATION in the jejunum and ileum

A

physical breakdown of lipid particles (usually to glycerol and free fatty acids) – primarily a function fo the bile.

68
Q

PROTEIN DIGESTION in the jejunum and ileum

A

Trypsin and others finish breaking proteins to shorter polypeptides. AMINOPEPDIDASE breaks the down further into individual amino acids.

69
Q

CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION in the jejunum and ileum

A

“Disaccaridases” (many kinds) break complex sugars into smaller 2-ring sugars, and (mostly) glucose.

70
Q

MIDGUT: JEJUNUM AND ILEUM

Absorption in the Small Intestine:  
1.water
2carbs
3protein
4lipids
A

1WATER – 80-90% of water entering gut tube absorbed in small intestine.
2CARBOHYDRATES – primarily through microvilli of villi.
3PROTEINS – though columnar-shaped absorptive cells on the villi.
4LIPIDS – glycerol and free fatty acids combine with bile secretions to form a MICELLE (hydrophilic outer surface; lipids internally) allowing the to be absorbed across villi.

71
Q

whats a micelle

A

hydrophilic outer surface; lipids internally) allowing the to be absorbed across villi.

72
Q

decribe fat processing in JEJUNUM AND ILEUM

A

MICELLE absorbed across villi.

Once inside cells, housed in endoplasmic reticulum.

Lipids packed into protein coated droplets called CHYLOMICRONS.

Sent to lacteal of villus

73
Q

MIDGUT: JEJUNUM AND ILEUM

VITAMIN AND MINERAL ABSORPTION:

A

1FAT SOPLUBLE VITAMINS
A – maintain epithelia
D – facilitate absorption and use of calcium
E – DNA, RNA, RBC formation,oxygen in RBC
K – needed for clotting
2WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS absorbed with water.
3B-12 requires specialized protein carrier (in ileum).

74
Q 
LARGE INTESTINE:
 describe absorption?
important vitamins?
fine tuning of how much water you hang on too
correlates to water in kidney regulation
A

Absorption: remainder of water to be absorbed (primarily in ascending and transverse regions) and careful water balance achieved here. Also some salts, certain vitamins.

75
Q

what microorganims are involved in the large intestine?

A

Escheria coli (E. coli) – a bacterium – aid in final conversion of liquid waste into semisolid feces. Also synthesize vitamins K and B12

76
Q

function of the descending colon?

A

: intestinal glands secrete mucous – facilitates movement of drier material, neutralizes acids of remaining bacteria.

77
Q

FECES AND DEFECATION shit and shitting

A

Much of mass of feces is unusable material (cellulose or “roughage”) and dead bacteria.

78
Q

DEFECATION (ELIMINATION)

A

process of expelling feces from terminal end of gut tube. Controlled by “defecation reflex”.

79
Q

defincation process o shit

A

1Internal anal sphincter relaxes.
2Coelom pressurized (lateral and abdominal hypaxial muscles).
3Peristaltic waves pass through sigmoid colon.
4External anal sphincter relaxes (and feces exits body).

80
Q

TION

A

out of body

81
Q

important proteins in plasma

A

1Albumins – promote water retention ( thus maintaining normal blood volume & pressure)
2Fibrinogen – essential for blood clotting
3Globulins
-Alpha and Beta globulins function to transport fat-soluble materials and lipids.
-Gamma globulins are antibodies functioning in preventing certain diseases

82
Q

blood

A

55% plasma
buffy coat 1%
45% erthryocytes

83
Q

ERYTHROCYTES

describe the morphology

A

~ 2 microns thick

~ 7 microns across

Disc shaped

Concave on each side

Mature RBC have no nuclei.

Almost entire volume taken up by oxygen carrying molecule HEMOGLOBIN.

84
Q

RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION
before birth? where?
After birth (normally): ? found where?

A

Before birth: yolk sac, liver, spleen.

After birth (normally): large cells of bone marrow of certain bones – vertebrae, sternum, hip, long bones.

After trauma: spleen can come back into service.

85
Q

normal life span of RBC?

A

180 days 4 months

86
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

iron-rich molecule,Transport of oxygen accomplished

87
Q

Hemoglobin is chracterized by

A

its ability to bind Oxygen where oxygen concentration is high, and release it where it is low. drop its where its low ay

88
Q

“Heme” component is only 5% of actual molecule

A

but very important – the iron containing part

Reduced iron content in body reduces blood’s ability to carry oxygen

89
Q

RBCs also

A

carry carbon dioxide,

Part carried in hemoglobin, but much is dissolved directly in the plasma

90
Q

Most carbon dioxide converted to CARBONIC ACID by reaction with water.
know the equation?

A

CO2 + H2O -> H 2CO 3 -> H+ + HCO3-

91
Q

RBC LIFECYCLE

generated by what?

A

Generated by HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS in bone marrow.

92
Q

innermost layer of a blood vessel is what- what are the sub catergories?

A

Tunica Intima (has three subcomponents):
Inner lining of simple epithelial cells attached to a basement membrane.
Middle layer of fine connective tissue made up of collagen.
Internal elastic lamina – outer elastic layer

93
Q

why is there muscle in blood vessels?

A

regulate the size of the inside of blood vessel depending if your contracting a muscle restrict blood vessel
sympathtic response would cause blood vessels to open up to know what you do
tell blood vessels in parasymp like stomach to not have time for that to do it later

94
Q

Tunica Media

A

smooth muscle, elastic fibers, other connective tissue components.

95
Q

Tunica Adventitia (or Tunica Externa)–

A

mostly elastic and collagenous fibers. (In large vessels this layer has dedicated nerves, tiny blood vessels and lymphatics.)

96
Q

The TUNICA MEDIA is relatively thin in?

A

thinner in veins

97
Q

Veins usually have little or not smooth muscle

A

expect in the largest of veins.

98
Q

which has valvues? arteries of bein

A

Veins have periodic valves to prevent backflow.

99
Q

ARTERIES to ARTERIOLES

A

Smallest definable arteries are arterioles.
They have relatively more smooth muscular tissue, less elastic tissue.
Thus, they are more easily regulated by (autonomic) nervous control.
Very smallest arterioles (terminal arterioles):
Have no internal elastic layer.
Tunica media densely supplied with sympathetic nerve fibers.

100
Q

VEINS TO VENULES

A

Some veins to have smooth muscle in them (the very largest).
Have same layers as arteries, but tunica media is much thinner.
Have relatively less elastic tissue.
Operate at low pressure.
Have periodic bicuspid-shaped valves to prevent backflow.
Smallest (venules) receive capillary blood – have no tunica media.

101
Q

what are capillaries?

A

Blood to capillaries from arterioles.

Smallest and thinnest of vessels.

Usually constructed of only a single layer of tunica intima.

Greatest loss of blood pressure is at capillaries.

Gas transfer takes place across wall.

Nutrient transfer takes place across walls.

Blood from capillaries to venules.

102
Q

The first blood vessels of the embryo form inside the ?? where do they form?

A

embryonic disc even before somites appear.

near the edge of the yolksac (a primitive condition inherited from macrolecithal organisms that stored yolk for food).

103
Q

Angiogenetic cell clusters

A

clusters extend in an arc around the head end of the ventral opening of the yolk sac. Initially, this means that the angiogenetic cell clusters (and the blood vessel that forms from them) have the pattern of a “horseshoe” if viewed from a dorsal or ventral perspective.

104
Q

explain heart development

A

An important point to understand is that the coelom runs up and down either side of the body.

At the head end, right underneath the developing pharynx, the coelom on the left communicates with the coelom on the right.

Thus, the coelom cuts across the midline here.

The brain grows at an incredible rate. It grows so fast that it makes the head bend around under the embryo’s body.

(For the same reason that the gut is subdivided into three parts), this is why the heart winds up on the VENTRAL SIDE of the body

105
Q

early development heart describe

A

The part of the heart ventral to the gut tube is a single tube itself.

The tube exiting the heart at its cranial end is the ventral aorta.

However, the heart cannot remain a simple tube (like a fish), so it must be subdivided into a right and left side.

A septum subdivides the heart into a left and right side.

106
Q

The tube exiting the heart at its cranial end is the ventral aorta. where else does it subdivide

A

It also subdivides:

The right side connects with the lungs.

The left side supplies the body.

(More later…)

BIO 224 LESS GET IT (14 decks)

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