Lecture 5 Flashcards
Angiogenetic cell clusters?
extend in an arc around the head end of the ventral opening of the yolk sac. Initially, this means that the angiogenetic cell clusters (and the blood vessel that forms from them) have the pattern of a “horseshoe” if viewed from a dorsal or ventral perspective
look up picture
Explain brain development in a embryo?
The brain grows at an incredible rate. It grows so fast that it makes the head bend around under the embryo’s body
What does the brain growing an a fast rate have to do with the heart?
For the same reason that the gut is subdivided into three parts), this is why the heart winds up on the VENTRAL SIDE of the body.
at a ventral side what side of the heart is easier to see?
right ventricle
dorsal view? what is more visible
left ventricle
heart is not symeterical in shape yes or no
symetreical in shape
where do major blood vessels run?
along the part of the heart that’s inline with the particion of right from left
ventricle are more
muscular have to pump a lot, head lungs, feet, left ventricle is very muscular
atrium
have thin walls and pump to the vntricles
Right Atrium?
Receives deoxygenated blood from body.
Left Atrium
Receives oxygenated blood from lungs.
Right Ventricle
Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and sends it to lungs.
Left Ventricle:
Receives oxygenated blood from left atrium and sends it to body.
fat around the heart is?
nautrual
Anastomosis
the circulatory vascular usualy atrial supply where you have artiral blood brought to one sturucutre in multiple pathways, blood can go into two or one
blood vessels around the heart are
a clear example of an anastomosis
first branch of the aorta
is the coronary artery** supplies the heart wall
study all the valves
lol
Anastomosis
can be around hip ankle wrist, when you compress bend your knee stopping blood flow
base of the aorta right side
Bicuspid valve
who invented the articial heart
paul winchell
which wall is thicker right or left
left, bigger job
right does have to push to capilarries of lungs
ridges job of Trabeculae carnae
orientated so blood can go to the right direction when it flows
valves are held in place by Chordae
Tendonae
they help the valves from not flipping inside out when the heart is pumping, tough tendnous cords
Chordae Tendonae are anchored on?
Papillary muscles, nipple shaped muscles
papillary muscle
will be asked in lab
what gives the blood supply of the heart wall?
- Coronary arteries
(a) Left coronary artery
(b) Right coronary artery
(c) Interventricular branches
(d) Right marginal branch - Cardiac veins
Coronary arteries split into four sections what are they?
a) Left coronary artery
(b) Right coronary artery
(c) Interventricular branches
(d) Right marginal branch
heart
own pacemaker
does the heart contract spontaneously?
yes, does not need nervous stimulation to contract.
Motor nerves that supply the human heart
modulate heart rate.
what speeds up the heart rate?
Sympathetic motor impulses speed up heart rate
what does parasympathic do to the heart?
it slows it down
sympathic heart synapses where?
UPPER THORACIC SEGMENTS (T3-T4) GO UP TO THE NECK, AND COME BACK DOWN TO THE HEART THORACIC AND LUMBAR
speeds up
parsympathic synapse
right and left vagus nerve
parasymp is what
cranio sacrial b/c heart is closer to your head makes sense slows down
sympathic heart- why is it so interesting describe it could be an essay question?
the autonomic nervous system is a two part- there’s a nerve number 1 and a never #2 which is called preganglonic and post ganglionic neurons– nerve comes out to levels T3-4 but they dont go right to the heart, they go to the sympathtic trunk (where they go up and down) go to top of neck (upper cervical ganglion) synapse and go back down to the heart
why does symp. synapse in the neck? can
heart started above- heart one of the earliest to start developing, because of early development goes up there oh shit and turns around the -synapse for your heart started up there even though it starts and ends down
essay question about list the consequences of the headfold and development of a very large brain of the early embryo
the distinction between the foregut and the midgut– the poistion the heart itself on the ventral side of the body, the unusual synpase of the sympathic neurons of the heart way up in the upper cervical ganglion, migration of the synapse hindgut is not involved and neither is the vagus nerve
what controls the regulation of the heart beat? what is the system made up of?
System made up of cells called Purkinje fibers (insulated from surrounding cells of heart.
Purkinje fibers
muscle cells in the heart than can act electronically
Sinoatrial node is the what of the heart?
PACEMAKER OF HEART, and beginning of process. Geenrates periodic impulses that initiate contraction of right atrium.
beginning of a heart beat starts
at the superior portion of the heart,Sinoatrial node, keeps the rhytm
where does it go after the Sinoatrial node?
Signal then runs to Atrioventricular node. Message is passed along a track of Purkinje fibers
after it does to the Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle. Atrioventricular bundle then splits into right and left limbs/branches that pass to individual inner ventricular walls on right and left
differences between smooth and staritaed cardiac muscle
straitated quite long many nucleus
-straited is stonger tires easier
smooth- can hold contraction for longer
Cardiac muscle = intermediate between skeletal & smooth muscle.
- Cardiac muscle = uninucleate
how do cardiac muscle contract?
by Intercalated discs, tiny little openings that can communicate
Maximum Heartrate Calculation
208 - (0.7)(your age) = normal maximum heartrate.
The Great Vessels of the thorax are a logical extension of the
heart
Arch I:
Mostly disappears ( a small part becomes a bit of the maxillary artery).
Arch II
DISAPPEARS
Arch III:
CAROTID ARCH – becomes part of carotid arteries.
Arch IV:
AORTIC ARCH – Right side disappears. Left side becomes ARCH OF AORTA.
Arch V
DISAPPEARS
Arch VI:
PULMONARY ARCH – Becomes pulmonary artery to lungs.
The embryological Cardinal Veins look like a big letter
H
Right anterior cardinal becomes what?
Becomes superior vena cava
Right anterior cardinal
Becomes azygous vein
last tributary of SVC
Sinus venosus
Becomes part of wall of right atrium.
Left anterior cardinal
Becomes left brachiocephalic vein.
Left posterior cardinal
Becomes hemiazygous vein.
- Venous blood dumps in the right atrium of the heart.
what happens
Blood from the cranial region enters via superior vena cava
(b) Body blood enters via inferior vena cava
- Inferior vena cava
passes through the diaphragm after receiving blood from the abdominal gut.
. Superior vena cave & its 3 tributaries:
(a) Azygous vein
(b) Right brachiocephalic vein
(c) Left brachiocephalic vein
dorsal aorta is paired
one on right one on left
aorta
goes towards left
arch of aorta
left side of arch 4
internal carotid
The internal carotid artery is a major paired artery, one on each side of the head and neck, in human anatomy. They arise from the common carotid arteries where these bifurcate into the internal and external carotid arteries at cervical vertebral level 3 or 4; the internal carotid artery supplies the brain,
external carotid
he external carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck. It arises from the common carotid artery when it splits into the external and internal carotid artery. It supplies blood to the face and neck.
upper jaw
maxillary art
brachiocephalic trunk
is on the right side only- arch 3/4
brachiocephalic trunk pt 2
he brachiocephalic artery (or brachiocephalic trunk or innominate artery) is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck.
It is the first branch of the aortic arch, and soon after it emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.
There is no brachiocephalic artery for the left side of the body. The left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery, come directly off the aortic arch. However, there are two brachiocephalic veins.
first branch of the aorta
coronary
first branch of the aorta from aortic rarch
brachiocephaic
subclavian artery
The subclavian arteries are paired major arteries of the upper thorax (chest), below the clavicle (collar bone) in human anatomy. They receive blood from the aortic arch. The left subclavian artery supplies blood to the left arm and the right subclavian artery supplies blood to the right arm, with some branches supplying the head and thorax.
On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta.
On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery.
The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery, the latter may branch off the transverse cervical artery which is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib.
ductus arterious
past pulmonary trunk, bipass big blood vessel,when youre born closes shut so all blood goes into your lungs are you start to transmit gases remains a tough ligament called the ligament arteriousus- remanant when you were in mom only on left side only
recurrent largenral nerve
The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) that supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, with the exception of the cricothyroid muscles. There are two recurrent laryngeal nerves, right and left, in the human body. The nerves emerge from the vagus nerve at the level of the arch of aorta, and then travel up the side of the trachea to the larynx. The right and left nerves are not symmetrical, with the left nerve looping under the aortic arch, and the right nerve looping under the right subclavian artery then traveling upwards. Additionally, the nerves are one of few nerves that follow a recurrent course, moving in the opposite direction to the nerve they branch from, a fact from which they gain their name.
The recurrent laryngeal nerves supply sensation to the larynx below the vocal cords, gives cardiac branches to the deep cardiac plexus, and branches to the trachea, esophagus and the inferior constrictor muscles. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles, the only muscles that can open the vocal cords, are innervated by this nerve.
The recurrent laryngeal nerves are the nerves of the sixth pharyngeal arch. The existence of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was first documented by the physician Galen.
aortic arches are in the way
only has to hook on to subclavian on the right side on the left side has to hook around the ductusarteriousus
distrubition is asemtrical on right and left
